Daily Current Affairs June 09

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June 09 | Daily Current Affairs 2025

Important Days – Daily Current Affairs June 09

1. Which date has the United Nations designated as the International Day for Dialogue among Civilizations starting in 2025?
A) 5 June
B) 10 June
C) 7 July
D) 21 May
E) 24 October
Answer: B) 10 June

Event and Location:

• Event: UN’s first celebration of the International Day for Dialogue among Civilizations
• Location: Global; inaugural event hosted at UNESCO Headquarters, Paris, France
• Date: 10 June 2025 (UNESCO symposium held on 5 June 2025)

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates:
  • The UN General Assembly, through Resolution A/RES/78/286 adopted on 7 June 2024, declared 10 June as the International Day for Dialogue among Civilizations, to be observed annually from 2025.
• Objectives:
  • To promote mutual respect, global understanding, and intercultural dialogue as tools for peacebuilding, social inclusion, and dismantling global prejudices and discrimination.
  • To engage youth and highlight cultural legacies such as the Silk Roads to strengthen shared human values.

Important Terms Explained:

• UN General Assembly Resolution A/RES/78/286: A formal declaration adopted on 7 June 2024 that established 10 June as the International Day for Dialogue among Civilizations, initiated by China and co-sponsored by over 80 countries.
• Silk Roads: Ancient trade routes that connected East and West, symbolizing peaceful cultural exchange, cooperation, and shared heritage among diverse civilizations.
• UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization): A UN agency responsible for promoting cultural cooperation, education, and science; hosted the inaugural symposium in Paris.

Tabular Summary:

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2. The 125th death anniversary of tribal freedom fighter Birsa Munda was observed on which date in 2025?
A) June 5
B) June 9
C) November 15
D) July 10
E) May 29
Answer: B) June 9

Event and Location:

• Event: 125th Death Anniversary of Birsa Munda (Birsa Munda Punyatithi 2025)
• Date Observed: June 9, 2025
• Major Regions of Observance: Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, tribal regions across India

Mandates and Objectives:

• To commemorate the life, sacrifice, and revolutionary role of Birsa Munda, a tribal freedom fighter and social reformer.
• To highlight the contributions of tribal communities in India’s freedom struggle.
• To promote awareness of tribal rights, indigenous heritage, and self-governance among tribal populations.
• To honour Birsa’s role in resisting British colonial policies and protecting tribal lands and traditions.

Important Terms Explained:

• Ulgulan Movement (The Great Tumult):
  • A tribal uprising led by Birsa Munda in the 1890s against British colonial rule and exploitative landlords.
  • Demanded tribal autonomy, land rights, and protection of indigenous religious and cultural practices.
• Chotanagpur Tenancy Act (1908):
  • A landmark law introduced after Birsa’s death to restrict the transfer of tribal land to non-tribals in the Chotanagpur region.
  • Protected traditional tribal land ownership and became a significant legal victory for tribal rights.
• Janjatiya Gaurav Divas (Tribal Pride Day):
  • Celebrated on November 15, Birsa Munda’s birth anniversary.
  • Announced by the Government of India in 2021 to honour tribal contributions to India’s history.

Tabular Summary:

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Sports – Daily Current Affairs June 09

3. Which nation became the first to win the UEFA Nations League twice after defeating Spain in the 2025 final?
A) France
B) Italy
C) Spain
D) Portugal
E) Germany
Answer: D) Portugal

Event and Location:

• Event: Portugal wins 2025 UEFA Nations League Final
• Location: Allianz Arena, Munich, Germany
• Date: June 8, 2025

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates:
  • Portugal and Spain competed in the UEFA Nations League Final, which ended 2-2 after extra time and was decided by a 5-3 penalty shootout victory for Portugal.
• Objectives:
  • To determine the champion of the 2025 UEFA Nations League and enhance competitive international football by replacing friendlies with meaningful matches.

Important Terms Explained:

• UEFA Nations League: A biennial international football competition launched in 2018 by UEFA to increase the competitiveness of national team matches and reduce meaningless friendlies.
• Penalty Shootout: A method used to determine the winner in knockout matches that remain tied after extra time, where players take turns shooting from the penalty spot.
• Cristiano Ronaldo: A legendary Portuguese footballer who contributed a crucial equalising goal in the final, adding to his international legacy which includes the Euro 2016, Nations League 2019, and now Nations League 2025 titles.

Tabular Summary:

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4. Who won the Men’s Singles title at the 2025 French Open after the longest final in tournament history?
A) Novak Djokovic
B) Rafael Nadal
C) Jannik Sinner
D) Carlos Alcaraz
E) Daniil Medvedev
Answer: D) Carlos Alcaraz

Event and Location:

• Event: Carlos Alcaraz wins 2025 French Open Men’s Singles Title
• Location: Roland-Garros (French Open), Paris, France
• Date: June 8, 2025

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates:
  • Carlos Alcaraz defeated Jannik Sinner in the 2025 French Open men’s final after trailing by two sets and saving three match points.
• Objectives:
  • To showcase the mental toughness and athletic brilliance of Carlos Alcaraz, highlight the match’s historical significance as the longest French Open final, and emphasize the growing Alcaraz–Sinner rivalry as a defining feature of modern men’s tennis.

Important Terms Explained:

• French Open (Roland-Garros): One of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments, held annually on clay courts in Paris, France, known for its physically demanding playstyle and prestige.
• Open Era: Refers to the period in professional tennis since 1968 when Grand Slam tournaments allowed both amateurs and professionals to compete.
• Match Point: A situation in tennis where the player who is leading needs just one more point to win the match.
• Tiebreak: A game format used to decide a set when the score reaches 6-6. In Grand Slam fifth sets, some tournaments use extended tie-breaks (e.g., 10-point tiebreak in final set).

Tabular Summary:

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5. Which Indian athlete won both the Women’s Challenger Player of the Season and shared Women’s Young Player of the Season titles at the 2025 PSA Awards?
A) Joshna Chinappa
B) Dipika Pallikal
C) Tanvi Khanna
D) Anahat Singh
E) Saurav Ghosal
Answer: D) Anahat Singh

Event and Location:

• Event: Anahat Singh wins two awards at PSA Awards 2025
• Location: Global (Professional Squash Association Annual Awards)
• Date: June 2025 (season review: 2024–25)

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates:
  • Anahat Singh was honoured at the 2025 PSA Awards with two distinctions:
    • Women’s Challenger Player of the Season
    • Women’s Young Player of the Season (shared with Amina Orfi of Egypt)
• Objectives:
  • To recognise Anahat’s exceptional form across PSA Challenger-level tournaments, her consistency, and contribution to India’s international squash representation and rankings.

Important Terms Explained:

• Professional Squash Association (PSA): The governing body for professional squash, organizing global tournaments and maintaining official player rankings.
• Challenger Tour (PSA): A tiered series of professional events (3k, 9k, 12k, 15k, etc.) used by emerging players to build rankings and gain match experience.
• PSA World Rankings: The official international rankings for squash professionals. Anahat Singh reached World No. 56, the highest by any Indian female squash player currently.

Tabular Summary:

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6. Who won the men’s singles title at the 2025 Indonesia Open, one of badminton’s Super 1000 tournaments?
A) Viktor Axelsen
B) Kento Momota
C) Chou Tien-chen
D) Anders Antonsen
E) Lee Zii Jia
Answer: D) Anders Antonsen

Event and Location:

• Event: 2025 Indonesia Open Badminton Championships
• Location: Jakarta, Indonesia
• Date: June 8, 2025 (conclusion date)

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates:
  • The 2025 Indonesia Open, a BWF Super 1000 tournament, concluded with Anders Antonsen and An Se-young winning the singles titles.
• Objectives:
  • To highlight key career milestones for top badminton players, promote the sport globally, and showcase emerging champions in one of the sport’s most prestigious tournaments.

Important Terms Explained:

• BWF Super 1000 Tournament:
  • One of the highest-level badminton tournaments under the Badminton World Federation (BWF) structure, offering maximum ranking points and prize money outside of the Olympics and World Championships.
• Anders Antonsen:
  • Top Danish shuttler known for his powerful gameplay; won his first Indonesia Open title in 2025 after being runner-up in 2019 and 2024.
• An Se-young:
  • South Korean badminton star and World No. 1 in women’s singles; known for her consistency, tactical depth, and composure under pressure.

Tabular Summary:

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Obituary – Daily Current Affairs June 09

7. Which eminent Marathi scholar, known for his work on Eknaathi Bhagwat and Bhavarth Ramayan, recently passed away at the age of 92?
A) P. L. Deshpande
B) Daji Panshikar
C) Vishwas Patil
D) N. S. Phadke
E) Namdev Dhasal
Answer: B) Daji Panshikar

Event and Location:

• Event: Demise of renowned Marathi scholar and cultural commentator Daji Panshikar
• Location: Thane, Maharashtra, India
• Date: June 9, 2025

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates:
  • To report the passing of Daji Panshikar, a legendary figure in literary, spiritual, and theatrical scholarship in Maharashtra.
• Objectives:
  • To recognize his lifelong contributions to Marathi literature, Hindu epic commentary, and cultural education through public lectures and theatre.

Important Terms Explained:

• Bhavarth Ramayan:
  • A famous Marathi version of the Ramayana by Sant Eknath, emphasizing spiritual and moral interpretations.
• Eknaathi Bhagwat:
  • A devotional literary work composed by Sant Eknath, based on the eleventh canto (Skandha) of the Bhagavata Purana, focusing on bhakti (devotion).
• Natyasampada Natya Sanstha:
  • A cultural and theatre organization in Maharashtra, known for staging spiritually themed plays, where Daji Panshikar mentored playwrights and promoted classical theatrical forms.

Tabular Summary:

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Ranking – Daily Current Affairs June 09

8. Which country is the largest pineapple producer in the world in 2025?
A) Costa Rica
B) India
C) Indonesia
D) Philippines
E) Thailand
Answer: D) Philippines

Event and Location:

• Event: Release of global ranking for top pineapple-producing countries in 2025
• Location: Global (Top countries include Philippines, Costa Rica, Thailand, Indonesia, India)
• Date: June 2025

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates:
  • Assessment and ranking of countries based on the volume of pineapple production globally in the year 2025.
• Objectives:
  • To highlight global leaders in pineapple production, promote agricultural development, showcase regional specialties like Tripura’s Queen Pineapple, and provide data for food export and trade analysis.

Important Terms Explained:

• GI Tag (Geographical Indication): A tag used to identify goods that originate from a specific location and possess qualities or a reputation due to that origin. Queen Pineapple from Tripura, India, is one such product known for its sweetness and aroma.
• MD2 Variety: A globally preferred pineapple cultivar, especially in exports, known for its consistent sweetness, long shelf-life, and bright yellow flesh. It is widely grown in the Philippines.
• Pineapple Processing Industry: Includes operations such as canning, packing, and juice extraction, which are prominent in Thailand and Indonesia, helping expand their domestic and export markets.

The Top-5 Pineapple Producing Countries in the World (2025):

Tabular Summary:

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Business and Economy – Daily Current Affairs June 09

9. According to the World Bank’s latest report, what was India’s extreme poverty rate in 2022–23 using the revised $3/day threshold?
A) 10.7%
B) 2.3%
C) 5.3%
D) 18.4%
E) 7.7%
Answer: C) 5.3%

Event and Location:

• Event: India’s extreme poverty rate falls to 5.3% in 2022–23
• Location: India (national-level data reported globally)
• Date: June 2025 (data reference: FY 2022–23)

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates:
  • The World Bank released a report highlighting a major reduction in India’s extreme poverty based on an updated global threshold of $3 per day.
• Objectives:
  • To recognize India’s progress in poverty alleviation, assess the impact of revised poverty benchmarks, and evaluate the role of social welfare schemes and economic growth in reducing deprivation.

Important Terms Explained:

• Extreme Poverty: A condition defined by the World Bank as living on less than a specified income threshold per day, adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP). As of 2021 PPP, the updated line is $3/day.
• Purchasing Power Parity (PPP): An economic theory and method used to compare living standards and income across countries by adjusting for cost of living differences.
• Rural-Urban Poverty Gap: The difference in poverty incidence between rural and urban areas, used to measure inequality in living standards and resource access.

Tabular Summary:

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10. How much total premium did India’s public sector general insurance companies (PSGICs) collect in FY2024–25?
A) ₹80,000 crore
B) ₹3.07 lakh crore
C) ₹1.06 lakh crore
D) ₹25,000 crore
E) ₹90,000 crore
Answer: C) ₹1.06 lakh crore

Event and Location:

• Event: Public sector general insurers collect ₹1.06 lakh crore premium in FY2024–25
• Location: India (national-level sectoral review)
• Date: June 2025 (data pertains to FY2024–25)

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates:
  • India’s public sector general insurance companies (PSGICs) recorded ₹1.06 lakh crore in gross premium collection in FY25, indicating a revival in profitability and operational strength.
• Objectives:
  • To assess sectoral performance, monitor insurance penetration and density, review profitability trends, and push forward digital transformation in claims management and underwriting processes.

Important Terms Explained:

• Insurance Penetration: Ratio of insurance premium to GDP; indicates how widely insurance services are used in an economy. India’s insurance penetration is 1%, compared to the global average of 4.2%.
• Insurance Density: Refers to per capita insurance premium. It rose in India from $9 (2019) to $25 (2023), indicating improved reach and awareness.
• Incurred Claims Ratio (ICR): The ratio of claims paid to premium collected. Lower ICR suggests improved insurer profitability and better risk control.
• PSGICs (Public Sector General Insurance Companies): Includes New India Assurance (NIACL), United India Insurance (UIICL), Oriental Insurance (OICL), and National Insurance (NICL) — key state-owned general insurers in India.

Tabular Summary:

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Appointments – Daily Current Affairs June 09

11. Who was appointed as a part-time member of the 16th Finance Commission in 2025 following Ajay Narayan Jha’s resignation?
A) Shaktikanta Das
B) Arvind Panagariya
C) Ajay Bhushan Pandey
D) T Rabi Sankar
E) Rajiv Kumar
Answer: D) T Rabi Sankar

Event and Location:

• Event: Appointment of T Rabi Sankar as part-time member of the 16th Finance Commission
• Location: India (Central Government/National level)
• Date: June 2025

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates:
  • T Rabi Sankar, Deputy Governor of the Reserve Bank of India, has been appointed by the President of India as a part-time member of the 16th Finance Commission, replacing Ajay Narayan Jha.
• Objectives:
  • To strengthen the technical and monetary expertise of the Commission, facilitate discussions on Centre-State fiscal relations, and contribute to crafting recommendations for the 2026–2031 fiscal period.

Important Terms Explained:

• Finance Commission (Article 280): A constitutional body set up every five years to recommend how taxes are distributed between the Centre and States, including grants-in-aid and fiscal consolidation measures.
• Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC): A digital form of fiat currency issued by a central bank, currently being developed and managed in India under the supervision of T Rabi Sankar at RBI.
• Fiscal Federalism: The financial relationship and revenue-sharing structure between different levels of government—Centre and States—ensuring equitable resource allocation.

Tabular Summary:

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12. Who has been appointed as the new Chairman of the Fertiliser Association of India (FAI) in 2025?
A) N. Suresh Krishnan
B) Rakesh Rathi
C) Ajay Shah
D) Sailesh C. Mehta
E) Rajeev Chawla
Answer: D) Sailesh C. Mehta

Event and Location:

• Event: Appointment of Sailesh C. Mehta as Chairman of the Fertiliser Association of India
• Location: India (National-level appointment)
• Date: June 2025

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates:
  • Sailesh C. Mehta, MD of Deepak Fertilizers and Petrochemicals Corporation Ltd., has been appointed as the new Chairman of the Fertiliser Association of India (FAI), succeeding N. Suresh Krishnan.
• Objectives:
  • To strengthen collaboration among the government, fertiliser industry, and farmers, promote sustainable agriculture, and lead the industry through a phase of digital, nutrient-balanced, and green fertiliser innovations.

Important Terms Explained:

• Fertiliser Association of India (FAI): A non-profit industry body representing Indian fertiliser producers, importers, and marketers, promoting best practices, policy advocacy, and research in fertiliser usage.
• Balanced Nutrient Use: The optimal use of fertilisers such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in the right proportions to ensure sustainable soil health and better crop yield.
• Nano-Urea & Bio-fertilisers: Innovations in fertiliser technology designed to reduce input usage, increase nutrient uptake efficiency, and minimize environmental damage.

Tabular Summary:

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13. Who was appointed as the interim CEO and MD of LIC in June 2025 following Siddhartha Mohanty’s tenure?
A) Rakesh Sharma
B) M. R. Kumar
C) Sat Pal Bhanoo
D) T. S. Vijayan
E) Raj Kumar
Answer: C) Sat Pal Bhanoo

Event and Location:

• Event: Appointment of Sat Pal Bhanoo as Interim CEO & MD of LIC
• Location: India
• Date: June 08, 2025

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates:
  • The Government of India, through the Department of Financial Services (DFS), has appointed Sat Pal Bhanoo as the interim CEO and Managing Director of the Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC).
• Objectives:
  • To ensure continuity in LIC’s leadership and maintain operational stability after the completion of Siddhartha Mohanty’s tenure, while a permanent successor is finalized.

Important Terms Explained:

• LIC (Life Insurance Corporation of India):
  • India’s largest life insurance company, a government-owned financial services institution and major investor in capital markets.
• Interim CEO & MD:
  • A temporary top-level executive role granted full administrative and financial powers, usually during leadership transition phases to ensure business continuity.
• Department of Financial Services (DFS):
  • A division under the Ministry of Finance, responsible for oversight of banking, insurance, and financial institutions in India.

Tabular Summary:

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14. Who has become the first woman officer from the Indian Armed Forces to be appointed as an Aide-De-Camp (ADC) to a state Governor in India?
A) Avani Chaturvedi
B) Shivangi Singh
C) Manisha Padhi
D) Bhawana Kanth
E) Punita Arora
Answer: C) Manisha Padhi

Event and Location:

• Event: IAF Officer Manisha Padhi appointed India’s first female ADC to a Governor
• Location: Raj Bhawan, Aizawl, Mizoram
• Date: November 29, 2024 (appointment ceremony)

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates:
  • Squadron Leader Manisha Padhi, a 2015-batch officer of the Indian Air Force, has been appointed as the first female Aide-De-Camp (ADC) to a state Governor in India.
• Objectives:
  • To improve gender representation in ceremonial and protocol roles within the Indian Armed Forces, and recognize the contribution of women in high-ranking military-administrative posts.

Important Terms Explained:

• Aide-De-Camp (ADC):
  • A military officer appointed to assist a senior official, like a Governor, President, or Service Chief, in ceremonial, administrative, and protocol duties.
• IAF (Indian Air Force):
  • The air arm of the Indian Armed Forces responsible for securing Indian airspace and conducting aerial warfare.
• Raj Bhawan:
  • The official residence of a state Governor in India, where official state ceremonies and appointments are held.

Tabular Summary:

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Awards – Daily Current Affairs June 09

15. Which Gram Panchayat won the Gold Award in the National e-Governance Awards 2025 for Grassroots Level Initiatives?
A) Palsana, Gujarat
B) Suakati, Odisha
C) West Majlishpur, Tripura
D) Rohini, Maharashtra
E) Jakhni, Uttar Pradesh
Answer: D) Rohini, Maharashtra

Event and Location:

• Event: Rohini Gram Panchayat wins Gold in National e-Governance Awards 2025
• Location: Dhule district, Maharashtra (award presented in Visakhapatnam)
• Date: June 9, 2025 (28th National e-Governance Conference)

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates:
  • The Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG), along with the Ministry of Panchayati Raj, awarded the Gold Award to Rohini Gram Panchayat under the Grassroots Level Initiatives category.
• Objectives:
  • To recognize the exceptional implementation of digital services in rural areas, promote digital governance in Scheduled Tribe regions, and highlight best practices aligned with the Digital India mission.

Important Terms Explained:

• National e-Governance Awards:
  • Annual awards presented to government bodies for excellence in e-governance, innovation, and technology-driven service delivery.
• Grassroots Level Initiatives Category:
  • Award category that acknowledges rural-level digitization efforts, focusing on Gram Panchayats and rural self-governance institutions.
• Maharashtra Right to Public Services Act:
  • Legislation mandating time-bound delivery of government services to citizens, under which Rohini Gram Panchayat operates efficiently.

Tabular Summary:

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Defence – Daily Current Affairs June 09

16. What is the primary objective of the Indian Coast Guard’s new jetty inaugurated at Vizhinjam Harbour in June 2025?
A) To support cruise tourism operations
B) To handle increased cargo traffic for export
C) To enhance coastal security and vessel deployment
D) To facilitate inland waterways trade
E) To promote fishing harbor modernization
Answer: C) To enhance coastal security and vessel deployment

Event and Location:

• Event: Inauguration of Indian Coast Guard’s strategic jetty
• Location: Vizhinjam Harbour, Kerala, India
• Date: June 7, 2025

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates:
  • The Indian Coast Guard inaugurated a 76.7-metre-long dedicated jetty at Vizhinjam Harbour to serve as a strategic base near global shipping lanes.
• Objectives:
  • To enable faster deployment of vessels for coastal surveillance, improve response time for search and rescue (SAR) operations, and support anti-smuggling, fisheries protection, and coordination with central and state agencies.

Important Terms Explained:

• Indian Coast Guard (ICG): A maritime law enforcement and search & rescue force under the Ministry of Defence responsible for protecting India’s maritime interests and enforcing maritime laws.
• Sagarmala Programme: A Government of India initiative launched in 2015 aimed at port-led development, port modernization, and improving coastal connectivity to boost maritime trade.
• Maritime India Vision 2030: A strategic blueprint launched by the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways to modernize Indian ports, enhance shipping infrastructure, and develop sustainable coastal and inland waterways.

Tabular Summary:

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National Affairs – Daily Current Affairs June 09

17. What is the name of the community radio station launched by Army Chief General Upendra Dwivedi in Uttarakhand?
A) Shakti Samvad 90.2 FM
B) Veer Tarana 91.8 FM
C) Ibex Tarana 88.4 FM
D) Bharat Vani 89.6 FM
E) Utkarsh Tarang 87.9 FM
Answer: C) Ibex Tarana 88.4 FM

Event and Location:

• Event: Inauguration of Ibex Tarana 88.4 FM community radio station by Army Chief
• Location: Jyotirmath, Garhwal Region, Uttarakhand
• Date: June 2025

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates:
  • Chief of Army Staff General Upendra Dwivedi visited forward areas in Uttarakhand to review troop preparedness and launched Ibex Tarana 88.4 FM, a community radio platform in Jyotirmath.
• Objectives:
  • To foster community engagement, promote cultural revival, empower youth voices, and strengthen civil-military relations in India’s strategic frontier regions.

Important Terms Explained:

• Community Radio Station:
  • A local radio platform that broadcasts region-specific content to inform, educate, and engage local communities, especially useful in remote and border areas.
• Ibex Tarana 88.4 FM:
  • India’s first Army-backed community radio in a border zone; serves as a platform for local communication, cultural preservation, and youth-led initiatives in Uttarakhand.
• Veterans Achievement Award:
  • A recognition granted by the Indian Army to ex-servicemen who contribute significantly to social development and nation-building post-retirement.

Tabular Summary:

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18. Under the newly promulgated Ladakh Reservation (Amendment) Regulation, 2025, what percentage of public employment is reserved for Ladakh residents?
A) 33%
B) 50%
C) 67%
D) 85%
E) 100%
Answer: D) 85%

Event and Location:

• Event: Promulgation of Ladakh Reservation, Language, and Women Representation Regulations
• Location: Union Territory of Ladakh
• Date: June 3, 2025

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates:
  • President Droupadi Murmu, under Article 240 of the Constitution, has promulgated three key regulations for Ladakh:
    1. Ladakh Reservation (Amendment) Regulation, 2025
    2. Ladakh Official Languages Regulation, 2025
    3. Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Councils (Amendment) Regulation, 2025
• Objectives:
  • To empower local residents, preserve indigenous culture and languages, and ensure gender representation in local governance, addressing long-standing local demands.

Important Terms Explained:

• Article 240 of the Constitution:
  • Empowers the President of India to make regulations for Union Territories that do not have legislatures, such as Ladakh.
• Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019:
  • Act under which Ladakh was separated from the former state of J&K and made a Union Territory. Section 58 empowers Presidential legislation.
• Hill Development Councils (Leh & Kargil):
  • Local self-governance institutions in Ladakh formed for decentralized administration, now mandated to reserve 33% seats for women.
• Bhoti and Purgi:
  • Tibeto-Burman and Dardic languages respectively, officially recognized as native languages of Ladakh in the 2025 language regulation.

Tabular Summary:

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19. What is the main purpose of the DRUM (Dynamic Route Planning for Urban Green Mobility) web app developed by IIT Kharagpur?
A) To provide traffic updates in real-time
B) To plan routes based on petrol availability
C) To help users choose routes with lower air pollution and energy consumption
D) To monitor vehicle emissions only
E) To restrict vehicle movement during peak hours
Answer: C) To help users choose routes with lower air pollution and energy consumption

Event and Location:

• Event: Launch and development of the DRUM (Dynamic Route Planning for Urban Green Mobility) App
• Location: Developed by IIT Kharagpur, with simulation data applied to Delhi regions

Mandates and Objectives:

• To reduce commuter exposure to air pollution, especially from traffic.
• To offer route planning based on air quality, energy efficiency, time, and distance.
• To promote green urban mobility using real-time data and smart algorithms.
• To assist health-conscious citizens and vulnerable populations in making safer travel choices.

Important Terms Explained:

• DRUM (Dynamic Route Planning for Urban Green Mobility):
  • A web-based route planner developed by IIT Kharagpur.
  • Provides 5 route options:
    • Shortest route
    • Fastest route
    • LEAP (Least Exposure to Air Pollution)
    • LECR (Least Energy Consumption Route)
    • Balanced route (optimized across all criteria)
• LEAP Route:
  • Reduces air pollution exposure by 50% in Central Delhi.
  • Results in a 40% increase in commute time.
• LECR Route:
  • Reduces energy consumption by 28% in South Delhi.
  • Highlights sustainability in urban commuting.
• GraphHopper & Mapbox:
  • GraphHopper: Open-source routing engine used to compute optimal paths.
  • Mapbox: A mapping platform providing real-time traffic and map data.
• Air Quality Data Sources:
  • Data fetched from the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and World Air Quality Index.
  • Interpolation techniques used to estimate values for under-monitored locations.

Tabular Summary:

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20. What specific change has Kerala proposed under the Wildlife Protection Act to address rising human-wildlife conflict?
A) Inclusion of elephants under vermin category
B) Permanent ban on wildlife relocation
C) Temporary classification of wild boars as vermin
D) Addition of bonnet macaques to Schedule I
E) Central deployment of forest personnel
Answer: C) Temporary classification of wild boars as vermin

Event and Location:

• Event: Kerala proposes amendment to Wildlife Protection Act to manage human-wildlife conflicts
• Location: Kerala, India
• Date: June 9, 2025

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates: Kerala seeks legal changes to the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 to enable quicker action against animals threatening human life and agriculture.
• Objectives: To mitigate the rising human-wildlife conflict by easing procedures for culling, especially targeting species like wild boars and bonnet macaques.

Important Terms Explained:

• Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: A central act aimed at protecting wild animals and birds, classifying them into schedules based on their protection status.
• Section 62 (Vermin Clause): This provision allows the central government to declare certain wild animals as vermin temporarily, permitting their controlled killing.
• Schedule I Species: These are the most protected species under the Act, and harming or killing them is strictly prohibited unless removed from the list.

Tabular Summary:

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Over All Review

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