Daily Current Affairs January 28

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January 28 | Daily Current Affairs 2025

Important Days – Daily Current Affairs January 28

1. Which Indian legislation, highlighted during International Data Privacy Day 2026, focuses on regulating the processing of personal data?
A) IT Act 2000
B) Cybersecurity Framework 2022
C) DPDP Act 2023
D) Aadhaar Act 2016
E) National Cyber Law 2025
Answer: C) DPDP Act 2023

Event and Location:

• Event: International Data Privacy Day 2026 focused on data protection reforms in India
• Location: India (with global observance)
• Date: 28 January 2026

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates: India observed International Data Privacy Day by emphasizing recent legislative reforms including the DPDP Act 2023, DPDP Rules 2025, and allocating ₹782 crore for cybersecurity.
• Objectives: The aim is to ensure citizen-centric data governance, enhance personal data protection, enforce platform accountability, and secure India’s growing digital ecosystem.

Important Terms Explained:

• International Data Privacy Day: Observed annually on 28 January to mark the signing of Convention 108, the world’s first legally binding data protection treaty. It promotes awareness about personal data protection.
• DPDP Act 2023: The Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023, enacted on 11 August 2023, establishes rules for digital personal data processing, recognizes citizens as Data Principals, and sets up the Data Protection Board of India.
• DPDP Rules 2025: Notified in November 2025, these rules operationalize the DPDP Act by specifying compliance procedures, breach reporting standards, consent protocols, and organizational responsibilities.
• CERT-In: The Indian Computer Emergency Response Team is a national agency under the Ministry of Electronics and IT responsible for managing cybersecurity threats and incidents in India.
• IT Act 2000: The Information Technology Act 2000 is the foundational legislation for digital governance in India, covering digital signatures, cybercrime, and online transactions.

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Ranking – Daily Current Affairs January 28

2. Who holds the title of the world’s richest person in January 2026 with an estimated net worth exceeding $713 billion?
A) Larry Page
B) Jeff Bezos
C) Bernard Arnault
D) Elon Musk
E) Mark Zuckerberg
Answer: D) Elon Musk

Event and Location:

• Event: Release of the list of the world’s top 10 richest persons in 2026
• Location: Global
• Date: January 2026

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates: The list ranks the top 10 wealthiest individuals in the world based on their net worth, company holdings, and global influence.
• Objectives: To highlight the financial leaders shaping global economies and industries, particularly in technology, luxury, and retail, and track global wealth distribution in 2026.

Top 10 Richest People in the World – January 2026

Important Terms Explained:

• Net Worth: The total assets minus liabilities held by an individual, often used to rank global billionaires.
• xAI: A company founded by Elon Musk to develop advanced artificial intelligence systems, part of his expanding tech portfolio in 2026.
• PageRank: The original algorithm created by Larry Page and Sergey Brin to rank websites in Google’s search engine, foundational to Google’s success.

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Banking and Finance – Daily Current Affairs January 28

3. According to RBI’s 2026 draft disaster relief framework, which borrowers will be eligible for loan resolution support?
A) All farmers irrespective of credit history
B) Borrowers with existing loan defaults beyond 90 days
C) Only standard borrowers with no default beyond 30 days
D) Defaulters undergoing insolvency proceedings
E) Corporate borrowers only
Answer: C) Only standard borrowers with no default beyond 30 days

Event and Location:

• Event: RBI released draft guidelines for disaster relief credit framework
• Location: India (applicable to all regulated entities nationwide)
• Date: January 27, 2026

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has issued draft guidelines for banks and financial institutions to design proactive resolution frameworks for borrowers affected by natural calamities like floods and landslides.
• Objectives: To institutionalise climate disaster response within credit policy, ensure timely financial relief to affected borrowers, promote systemic financial resilience, and shift from ad hoc to planned disaster relief mechanisms.

Important Terms Explained:

• Standard Borrower: A borrower whose loan repayment is regular, with no overdue amount outstanding for more than 30 days at the time of assessment; eligible for relief under RBI’s proposed framework.
• Rescheduling & Moratorium: Under the RBI framework, banks may reschedule loan repayments, convert accrued interest into a separate facility, or offer a temporary moratorium based on the borrower’s post-disaster financial condition.
• Principle-Based Framework: RBI’s draft approach allows banks flexibility to tailor disaster relief plans based on severity, location, and borrower profiles, without rigid, one-size-fits-all rules.

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4. What is the total amount of Open Market Operation (OMO) purchases announced by RBI in January 2026 to ease liquidity stress?
A) ₹50,000 crore
B) ₹75,000 crore
C) ₹1.25 lakh crore
D) ₹1 lakh crore
E) ₹90,000 crore
Answer: D) ₹1 lakh crore

Event and Location:

• Event: RBI advanced ₹1 lakh crore in OMO purchases to manage liquidity stress and rising bond yields
• Location: India (Nationwide impact via financial markets)
• Date: Announced on 27 January 2026

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has preponed two Open Market Operation (OMO) purchase auctions to inject liquidity into the banking system and stabilise the bond market.
• Objectives: To address tight liquidity, contain rising bond yields, reduce borrowing costs, and prevent further financial tightening in light of banking system stress and external economic pressures.

Important Terms Explained:

• Open Market Operations (OMO): A monetary policy tool where the RBI buys or sells government securities in the open market to regulate liquidity. Buying securities injects money into the system; selling absorbs it.
• Liquidity Surplus: The excess funds available with banks over the reserve requirements. A low surplus (₹56,987 crore as of 26 Jan) indicates tight liquidity, often prompting RBI intervention.
• Bond Yield: The return an investor earns on government securities. Yields rise when bond prices fall. A higher yield reflects tighter liquidity and costlier borrowing for both the government and private sector.
• Repo Rate: The rate at which RBI lends money to commercial banks. As of Jan 2026, the repo rate stands at 5.25% after a 125 basis point cut since February 2025.

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Science and Technology – Daily Current Affairs January 28

5. Which AI-based model was identified as the most accurate in IIT Guwahati’s study on predicting glacial lake hazards?
A) Random Forest
B) Logistic Regression
C) Support Vector Machine
D) Artificial Neural Network
E) Bayesian Neural Network
Answer: E) Bayesian Neural Network

Event and Location:

• Event: IIT Guwahati developed a predictive method to identify future glacial lake hazard zones
• Location: Eastern Himalayas, India
• Date: 28 January 2026

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates: IIT Guwahati researchers created a scientific framework using terrain analysis and AI models to identify 492 future glacial lake sites in the Eastern Himalayas.
• Objectives: The goal is to enhance early-warning systems for Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs), support climate-resilient planning, protect infrastructure, and guide disaster risk reduction in high-altitude regions.

Important Terms Explained:

• Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs): Sudden floods caused by the collapse or breach of glacial lakes, leading to the rapid release of water, ice, and debris downstream.
• Bayesian Neural Network (BNN): A probabilistic AI model used in high-uncertainty environments; found to be the most accurate in predicting glacial lake formation zones in IIT Guwahati’s study.
• Digital Elevation Model (DEM): A 3D representation of terrain elevation used to analyze landscape features, crucial for detecting glacial hazard zones in this research.

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6. What is the name of the newly discovered mushroom species in Uttarakhand’s oak forests, marking the first Indian record of its genus?
A) Amanita himalayana
B) Boletus edulis
C) Hemileccinum indicum
D) Laccaria indica
E) Ganoderma uttarakhandii
Answer: C) Hemileccinum indicum

Event and Location:

• Event: Discovery of a new mushroom species named Hemileccinum indicum
• Location: Dhakuri region, Bageshwar district, Uttarakhand, India
• Date: Discovery confirmed in 2026 (Field work: 2022–23)

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates: Scientists from India and abroad documented a new fungal species in the oak-dominated Himalayan forests during macrofungal surveys.
• Objectives: To explore and document India’s underexplored fungal biodiversity, enhance understanding of Himalayan ecosystems, and contribute to global fungal taxonomy and conservation.

Important Terms Explained:

• Hemileccinum indicum: A newly identified pitted-spore bolete mushroom species, representing the first Indian record of the Hemileccinum genus; discovered in Uttarakhand’s oak forests.
• Ectomycorrhizal Fungi: Fungi that form mutualistic associations with tree roots (in this case, with Quercus spp.), enhancing nutrient and water uptake while receiving sugars from the plant.
• Multigene Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis: A DNA-based method used to compare genetic sequences across multiple genes to accurately determine evolutionary relationships of new species.

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International Affairs – Daily Current Affairs January 28

7. Which new task force was constituted as part of the India–EU 2026 strategic visit to promote clean energy cooperation?
A) Solar Alliance Panel
B) Renewable Trade Council
C) Green Hydrogen Task Force
D) Energy Security Committee
E) Clean Fuel Partnership Group
Answer: C) Green Hydrogen Task Force

Event and Location:

• Event: India–EU 2026 leaders’ summit results in major agreements across multiple sectors
• Location: India
• Date: 28 January 2026

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates: High-level engagement between Indian leadership and top EU officials led to outcomes across sectors including trade, defense, clean energy, mobility, disaster preparedness, and science.
• Objectives: To enhance the India–EU Strategic Partnership by promoting sustainable economic growth, defense collaboration, secure digital and energy transitions, and resilient people-to-people ties until 2030.

Important Terms Explained:

• India–EU Free Trade Agreement (FTA): A bilateral trade pact whose negotiations were concluded to boost trade and investment flows between India and the European Union.
• Green Hydrogen Task Force: A newly formed joint initiative between India and the EU to collaborate on green hydrogen technology, innovation, and sustainable energy goals.
• Horizon Europe Programme: The EU’s flagship research and innovation programme aimed at fostering global scientific collaboration; India is in talks to join as an associate member.
• Security of Information Agreement: A proposed India–EU agreement to facilitate secure exchange of classified information in defense and strategic cooperation.
• DG-ECHO: Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations, EU’s body for disaster preparedness and response, now partnered with India’s NDMA.
• EU Legal Gateway Office: A pilot institution to be set up in India to support legal cooperation and facilitate skill-based migration and professional mobility.

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8. Which strategic agreement was signed between India and the EU in January 2026, expanding cooperation beyond trade?
A) Indo-EU Maritime Pact
B) EU–India Technology Exchange Deal
C) India–EU Green Agenda
D) India–EU Security and Defense Partnership
E) Indo-EU Infrastructure Pact
Answer: D) India–EU Security and Defense Partnership

Event and Location:

• Event: Signing of the first-ever India–EU Security and Defense Partnership
• Location: New Delhi, India
• Date: 27 January 2026

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates: India and the European Union signed a comprehensive defense and security partnership covering cooperation in areas such as maritime security, cyber threats, defense industry, counter-terrorism, and space.
• Objectives: To strengthen mutual defense preparedness, institutionalize strategic cooperation, ensure information security, and align both parties on global security challenges, particularly in the Indo-Pacific and European theatres.

Important Terms Explained:

• India–EU Security and Defense Partnership: A landmark agreement signed in January 2026 that formalizes cooperation between India and the EU across multiple defense and security domains, marking a significant upgrade in strategic relations.
• Security of Information Agreement (SOIA): A negotiation framework launched to allow legal and secure exchange of classified information between India and the EU, essential for defense industrial collaboration.
• Towards 2030: Joint Comprehensive Strategic Agenda: A long-term roadmap adopted by India and the EU, outlining cooperation goals across five pillars including security, innovation, prosperity, connectivity, and global challenges.
• ReArm Europe Plan / Readiness 2030: A €800 billion EU defense initiative launched in 2025 to enhance Europe’s military preparedness, presenting sourcing opportunities for Indian defense manufacturers.

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Schemes – Daily Current Affairs January 28

9. How much total financial assistance will each girl student receive under Gujarat’s Namo Laxmi Scheme from Classes 9 to 12?
A) ₹20,000
B) ₹30,000
C) ₹40,000
D) ₹50,000
E) ₹60,000
Answer: D) ₹50,000

Event and Location:

• Event: Launch of large-scale financial assistance under the Namo Laxmi Scheme for girls’ education
• Location: Gujarat, India
• Date: January 2026 (for academic year 2025–26)

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates: The Gujarat government announced ₹1,250 crore under the Namo Laxmi Scheme to benefit over 12 lakh girls studying in Classes 9 to 12.
• Objectives: To prevent school dropouts, promote secondary and higher secondary education for girls, support adolescent health and nutrition, and strengthen educational continuity and empowerment.

Important Terms Explained:

• Namo Laxmi Scheme: A state-level financial assistance initiative by the Gujarat government that provides structured support to girl students from Class 9 to 12, aiming to reduce dropouts and improve education and nutrition outcomes.
• Shala Praveshotsav: An earlier Gujarat government campaign to increase school enrolment and reduce dropouts, especially among girls; it laid the foundation for subsequent girl-focused educational schemes.
• Right to Education (RTE): A constitutional act under which children aged 6 to 14 are entitled to free and compulsory education; girls completing Class 8 under RTE in Gujarat are eligible for the Namo Laxmi Scheme.

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10. Which institution collaborated with Central Sanskrit University to revive rare Ayurvedic manuscripts through a 2026 transliteration workshop in Kerala?
A) NCERT
B) ICMR
C) CCRAS
D) NITI Aayog
E) CSIR
Answer: C) CCRAS

Event and Location:

• Event: Revival of rare Ayurvedic manuscripts through CCRAS–CSU transliteration workshop
• Location: Thrissur, Kerala (CSU Puranattukara Campus)
• Date: January 12–25, 2026

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates: The Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences (CCRAS) and Central Sanskrit University (CSU) jointly conducted a 15-day workshop focused on transliterating and preserving rare Ayurvedic palm-leaf manuscripts.
• Objectives: To preserve India’s classical Ayurvedic knowledge, enable research access, train scholars in ancient scripts, and digitise endangered manuscripts for long-term scholarly and scientific use.

Important Terms Explained:

• CCRAS (Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences): A premier research institution under the Ministry of AYUSH, responsible for advancing and validating traditional Indian medical systems like Ayurveda.
• Grantha, Vattezhuthu, Medieval Malayalam: Traditional Indian scripts used in ancient palm-leaf manuscripts. Grantha is typically used to write Sanskrit in South India; Vattezhuthu and Medieval Malayalam were prevalent in Kerala for local texts.
• Manuscriptology and Palaeography: Manuscriptology is the study of ancient handwritten documents, while palaeography involves deciphering and dating old scripts and writing systems, crucial in restoring ancient knowledge.

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National Affairs – Daily Current Affairs January 28

11. Which Indian state implemented the Uniform Civil Code (Amendment) Ordinance, 2026, focusing on procedural and digital reforms?
A) Himachal Pradesh
B) Goa
C) Uttarakhand
D) Gujarat
E) Madhya Pradesh
Answer: C) Uttarakhand

Event and Location:

• Event: Implementation of the Uniform Civil Code (Amendment) Ordinance, 2026
• Location: Uttarakhand, India
• Date: 28 January 2026

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates: Uttarakhand promulgated the UCC (Amendment) Ordinance, 2026 under Article 213 of the Constitution to reform procedural, administrative, and penal aspects of civil law.
• Objectives: To improve the effectiveness, transparency, and digital implementation of the Uniform Civil Code, focusing on women’s rights, children’s protection, and equal civil treatment across communities.

Important Terms Explained:

• Uniform Civil Code (UCC): A legal framework that ensures uniformity in civil laws (like marriage, divorce, inheritance) across all communities, first implemented in Uttarakhand on 27 January 2025.
• Article 213 of the Constitution: Provides powers to the Governor of a state to promulgate ordinances during the recess of the state legislature when urgent action is necessary.
• Digital Marriage Registration: A major UCC reform, allowing online registration of marriages using document uploads and remote video authentication, reducing the need for physical presence and enhancing efficiency.

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12. Which Indian state has officially declared Bacillus subtilis as its State Microbe in 2026?
A) Tamil Nadu
B) Maharashtra
C) Gujarat
D) Kerala
E) Karnataka
Answer: D) Kerala

Event and Location:

• Event: Kerala declared Bacillus subtilis as the official State Microbe
• Location: Kerala, India
• Date: 28 January 2026

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates: Kerala became the first Indian state to recognize a microorganism as a state symbol by officially declaring Bacillus subtilis as its State Microbe.
• Objectives: To promote microbiome research in health, agriculture, and sustainability and to support science-led governance and economic development by highlighting the role of beneficial microbes.

Important Terms Explained:

• Bacillus subtilis: A probiotic bacterium commonly found in soil, fermented foods, and the human gut. It is used in health supplements, biofertilizers, and food processing due to its immunity-boosting and disease-resistant properties.
• Centre of Excellence in Microbiome (CoEM): A newly launched research institution under the Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment (KSCSTE) and Kerala Development and Innovation Strategic Council (K-DISC), focusing on applied microbiome studies.
• Microbiome Research: A scientific field that explores how microorganisms interact with their environment and hosts, especially in health, agriculture, and climate resilience. It plays a major role in tackling antibiotic resistance, boosting immunity, and enhancing soil fertility.

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13. On which date is the Economic Survey 2026 scheduled to be presented in Parliament?
A) January 26, 2026
B) January 28, 2026
C) January 29, 2026
D) February 1, 2026
E) January 30, 2026
Answer: C) January 29, 2026

Event and Location:

• Event: Release of the Economic Survey 2026
• Location: Parliament of India, New Delhi
• Date: January 29, 2026

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates: The Department of Economic Affairs, under the supervision of the Chief Economic Adviser (CEA), prepares and presents the Economic Survey annually to provide a detailed assessment of India’s macroeconomic and sectoral performance in the previous financial year.
• Objectives: To guide policy decisions by offering data-driven insights, forecast GDP growth, evaluate government schemes, and suggest reforms; and to provide a transparent economic context ahead of the Union Budget.

Important Terms Explained:

• Economic Survey: An annual analytical report prepared by the Ministry of Finance that reviews India’s economic performance and provides policy recommendations; it is advisory and presented before the Union Budget.
• Chief Economic Adviser (CEA): A senior government economist who heads the preparation of the Economic Survey and advises the Ministry of Finance on macroeconomic issues.
• Union Budget: A financial statement presented by the Finance Minister outlining the government’s income and expenditure for the upcoming fiscal year; unlike the Survey, it is legally binding once passed.

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Over All Review

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