Daily Current Affairs December 29

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December 29 | Daily Current Affairs 2025

Important Days – Daily Current Affairs December 29

1. Which Indian institution will host eight disciplines of the World Police and Fire Games (WPFG) 2029?
A) SAI Bengaluru
B) Rashtriya Raksha University
C) NIS Patiala
D) LNIPE Gwalior
E) Gujarat Sports Authority
Answer: B) Rashtriya Raksha University

Event and Location:

• Event: RRU to host eight disciplines of the World Police and Fire Games 2029
• Location: Rashtriya Raksha University, Gujarat
• Date: Announcement reported on 29 December 2025; event scheduled for 2029

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates: Rashtriya Raksha University (RRU) will host eight events of the World Police and Fire Games 2029 and the International Olympic Research Conference 2026.
• Objectives: To promote India’s global presence in sports diplomacy, showcase sports infrastructure for uniformed services, foster physical fitness and integrity in sports, and strengthen international sports collaborations and research.

Important Terms Explained:

• World Police and Fire Games (WPFG): A biennial, Olympic-style international event for police, fire service, and law enforcement personnel, featuring over 60 disciplines and thousands of participants from around the world.
• Rashtriya Raksha University (RRU): An institution under the Ministry of Home Affairs dedicated to national security and police education, now emerging as a hub for global sports events and research.
• International Olympic Research Conference (IORC): A high-level academic and policy event focused on Olympic education, governance, ethics, and sports science innovations; RRU will host the 2nd edition in 2026.
• Muster and Push–Pull Lifting: Specialized strength and endurance-based events typically featured in uniformed services competitions like the WPFG.
• National Anti-Doping Agency (NADA): India’s official agency responsible for promoting clean sports and conducting anti-doping efforts nationwide.

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Obituary – Daily Current Affairs December 29

2. Which former England cricketer and ex-ECB chief executive passed away in December 2025?
A) Mike Gatting
B) Nasser Hussain
C) Hugh Morris
D) Graham Gooch
E) David Gower
Answer: C) Hugh Morris

Event and Location:

• Event: Death of former England cricketer and ex-ECB chief executive Hugh Morris
• Location: United Kingdom
• Date: December 28, 2025

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates: Hugh Morris, aged 62, passed away after a prolonged battle with bowel cancer diagnosed in 2022.
• Objectives: To commemorate the life and contributions of Hugh Morris as a cricketer and administrator who played a significant role in shaping English cricket both on and off the field.

Important Terms Explained:

• England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB): The governing body for cricket in England and Wales, responsible for overseeing domestic and international cricket operations, including the development of players and cricket infrastructure.
• Glamorgan County Cricket Club: A professional Welsh cricket team, for which Hugh Morris played and later captained, contributing significantly as a top-order batter.
• England A: A representative side for England’s second-tier cricketers, often used as a stepping stone for future international players; Morris captained the side during overseas tours.

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Ranking – Daily Current Affairs December 29

3. Who topped the Hurun India Rich List 2025 among Indian-origin professional CEOs?
A) Sundar Pichai
B) Satya Nadella
C) Jayshree Ullal
D) Parag Agrawal
E) Shantanu Narayen
Answer: C) Jayshree Ullal

Event and Location:

• Event: Jayshree Ullal tops Hurun India Rich List 2025 as richest Indian-origin professional CEO
• Location: Global (Ullal is based in the United States; Hurun List published in India)
• Date: 29 December 2025 (as per report update)

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates: The Hurun Research Institute released its Hurun India Rich List 2025, ranking Jayshree Ullal at the top among professional Indian-origin CEOs globally.
• Objectives: To highlight wealth creation through leadership in high-growth tech companies and showcase India’s growing influence in global technology leadership and equity-driven value creation.

Important Terms Explained:

• Hurun India Rich List: An annual ranking published by Hurun Research Institute, profiling the richest individuals and professionals of Indian origin based on wealth, with a focus on entrepreneurs and business leaders.
• Professional CEO: A chief executive officer hired to run a company (not its founder or promoter), often compensated through equity, bonuses, and leadership performance.
• Arista Networks: A US-based tech company specializing in cloud networking solutions for large-scale data centers, AI infrastructure, and high-speed enterprise networking.
• Equity Ownership: Holding shares in a company that significantly increase in value over time, contributing to personal wealth beyond traditional salary.

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Business and Economy – Daily Current Affairs December 29

4. Aryaman Finance (India) Ltd recently received RBI approval to operate in which NBFC category?
A) Core Investment Company
B) Infrastructure Finance Company
C) Asset Reconstruction Company
D) Type II NBFC – Investment and Credit Company
E) Housing Finance Company
Answer: D) Type II NBFC – Investment and Credit Company

Event and Location:

• Event: RBI grants NBFC registration to Aryaman Finance (India) Ltd
• Location: Mumbai, Maharashtra (Corporate HQ); Nationwide operations
• Date: 29 December 2025 (public announcement date)

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates: Aryaman Financial Services Ltd announced that its wholly owned subsidiary, Aryaman Finance (India) Ltd, has received a Certificate of Registration (CoR) from RBI to operate as a Type II Non-Banking Financial Company – Investment and Credit Company (NBFC-ICC).
• Objectives: To enter the regulated credit and investment services segment under RBI’s supervision, enabling lending, investment, and credit facilitation to SMEs and niche markets, without accepting public deposits.

Important Terms Explained:

• NBFC (Non-Banking Financial Company): Financial institutions that provide banking-like services such as lending and investment but do not hold a banking license and cannot accept demand deposits.
• Type II NBFC – Investment and Credit Company (NBFC-ICC): A non-deposit-taking NBFC that engages in lending, investment, and financing activities. It must comply with RBI’s regulatory, prudential, and capital norms.
• Certificate of Registration (CoR): A mandatory RBI authorization under the RBI Act, 1934, allowing a company to legally function as an NBFC in India.
• SEBI Category – I Merchant Banker: An entity registered with the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), authorized to manage public issues, rights issues, and other capital market fundraising activities.

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5. Who inaugurated the Sharadchandra Pawar Centre of Excellence in Artificial Intelligence in December 2025?
A) Ratan Tata
B) Supriya Sule
C) Ajit Pawar
D) Gautam Adani
E) Nandan Nilekani
Answer: D) Gautam Adani

Event and Location:

• Event: Inauguration of the Sharadchandra Pawar Centre of Excellence in Artificial Intelligence
• Location: Baramati, Maharashtra
• Date: 28 December 2025

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates: Gautam Adani inaugurated the AI Centre in Baramati under Vidya Pratishthan to promote digital education, research, and AI-based innovation.
• Objectives: To build industry-aligned AI education infrastructure, foster innovation, bridge academic and real-world application gaps, and empower youth with emerging tech skills aligned with India’s digital transformation goals.

Important Terms Explained:

• Centre of Excellence in AI: A dedicated institution for promoting education, research, and development in Artificial Intelligence, Data Science, and Machine Learning, supporting innovation and skill development.
• Vidya Pratishthan: A renowned educational trust based in Baramati, Maharashtra, associated with the Pawar family, running multiple institutions from school to postgraduate levels.
• Industry–Academia Collaboration: A strategic partnership where corporate expertise and resources support academic institutions in skill-building, research, and job-market alignment for emerging sectors.
• AI and Industry 4.0: Artificial Intelligence forms a core of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, involving automation, smart technologies, and data-driven decision-making across sectors.

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Science and Technology – Daily Current Affairs December 29

6. Why is ISRO planning to commission a third launch pad at Shriharikota?
A) To replace outdated infrastructure
B) To support reusable launch vehicles
C) To handle heavier satellites and future missions
D) To improve space tourism facilities
E) To launch military satellites exclusively
Answer: C) To handle heavier satellites and future missions

Event and Location:

• Event: ISRO announces third launch pad at Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC)
• Location: Shriharikota, Andhra Pradesh
• Date: 29 December 2025 (as per public announcement and report)

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates: ISRO has initiated the development of a third launch pad at its primary spaceport in Shriharikota to boost capacity for upcoming heavier satellite missions.
• Objectives: To enhance India’s satellite launch capabilities, enable parallel launch operations, support human spaceflight and commercial missions, and meet future demands for high-frequency launches and larger payloads.

Important Terms Explained:

• ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation): India’s national space agency responsible for developing space technology, satellites, and launch systems.
• Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC): ISRO’s main launch facility located in Shriharikota, supporting all launch operations for Indian and international clients.
• Launch Pad: A specialized platform and infrastructure from which rockets are prepared and launched; multiple launch pads help increase launch frequency and flexibility.
• Heavy-Lift Launch Vehicles: Rockets capable of carrying large payloads (12,000–14,000 kg or more) into orbit; essential for advanced communications, crewed missions, and interplanetary exploration.

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Defence – Daily Current Affairs December 29

7. What was the main objective of the RPREX-2025 exercise conducted by the Indian Coast Guard?
A) To train officers for combat readiness
B) To assess preparedness for oil spill incidents
C) To promote coastal tourism in India
D) To conduct naval weapon testing
E) To develop offshore wind energy platforms
Answer: B) To assess preparedness for oil spill incidents

Event and Location:

• Event: Regional Pollution Response Exercise (RPREX-2025) by Indian Coast Guard
• Location: Mumbai, Maharashtra
• Date: 29 December 2025 (as per report update)

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates: The Indian Coast Guard conducted RPREX-2025 to simulate a marine oil spill response scenario using specialized vessels and equipment.
• Objectives: To evaluate the preparedness, inter-agency coordination, and operational readiness for oil spill and marine pollution response as per the National Oil Spill Disaster Contingency Plan.

Important Terms Explained:

• RPREX-2025: A Regional Pollution Response Exercise designed to test India’s emergency response capabilities in marine oil spill incidents.
• National Oil Spill Disaster Contingency Plan (NOS-DCP): A national framework guiding India’s coordinated response to oil spills in marine waters, led by the Indian Coast Guard.
• Pollution Control Vessel (PCV): A specialized ship deployed by the Indian Coast Guard, equipped with tools like skimmers, oil containment booms, and dispersant systems for managing oil spills.

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International Affairs – Daily Current Affairs December 29

8. Which country became the first in the world to officially recognize Somaliland as an independent state in 2025?
A) Egypt
B) Israel
C) Turkey
D) Ethiopia
E) Saudi Arabia
Answer: B) Israel

Event and Location:

• Event: Israel recognizes Somaliland as an independent sovereign state
• Location: Horn of Africa, Middle East (Israel and Somaliland)
• Date: 29 December 2025 (reporting date; recognition announced shortly before)

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates: Israel signed a mutual recognition declaration with Somaliland, formally acknowledging its sovereignty and pledging cooperation.
• Objectives: To expand Israel’s diplomatic presence in Africa under the Abraham Accords framework and to initiate bilateral cooperation in sectors like agriculture, health, and technology.

Important Terms Explained:

• Somaliland: A self-declared independent region in the Horn of Africa, formerly a British protectorate, that has operated independently from Somalia since 1991 but lacked international recognition.
• Abraham Accords: A diplomatic initiative originally signed in 2020 to normalize relations between Israel and several Arab countries; now expanded to include non-Arab and strategic partners.
• Territorial Integrity vs Self-Determination: A long-standing principle in international law where states defend their existing borders (territorial integrity) against claims by regions seeking independence (self-determination).
• Horn of Africa: A geopolitically strategic region near the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden, vital for trade, security, and maritime control.

Tabular Summary:

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9. Which two countries recently signed a ceasefire agreement to end weeks of intense border clashes in December 2025?
A) India and China
B) Thailand and Cambodia
C) North Korea and South Korea
D) Israel and Lebanon
E) Myanmar and Bangladesh
Answer: B) Thailand and Cambodia

Event and Location:

• Event: Thailand and Cambodia sign a ceasefire agreement after intense border clashes
• Location: Thailand–Cambodia border region (Southeast Asia)
• Date: 29 December 2025 (as per report update; truce took effect earlier at noon)

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates: Defence ministers of Thailand and Cambodia signed a ceasefire agreement to halt nearly three weeks of cross-border military conflict.
• Objectives: To stop ongoing hostilities, prevent further troop movements, stabilize the border situation, and pave the way for long-term diplomatic resolution and humanitarian recovery.

Important Terms Explained:

• Ceasefire Agreement: A formal arrangement between conflicting parties to halt hostilities temporarily or permanently; in this case, both countries agreed to retain current troop positions and avoid reinforcements.
• Displacement: Forced movement of people due to conflict or disaster; over 500,000 civilians were displaced during the Thailand–Cambodia border clashes.
• Border Conflict: A dispute between neighboring nations over territorial claims; Thailand and Cambodia have a history of periodic clashes along disputed border zones.
• Confidence-Building Measures (CBMs): Steps taken by countries to reduce tensions and build trust in conflict situations, such as joint statements or non-aggression commitments.

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Schemes – Daily Current Affairs December 29

10. What is the primary aim of the newly approved REPM scheme in India?
A) Promote offshore wind farms
B) Manufacture solar panels for rural India
C) Establish domestic ecosystem for rare earth permanent magnets
D) Improve textile export supply chains
E) Develop coal-to-gas conversion plants
Answer: C) Establish domestic ecosystem for rare earth permanent magnets

Event and Location:

• Event: Approval of REPM Scheme to promote domestic magnet manufacturing
• Location: Pan-India (implementation); Ministry of Mines, Government of India
• Date: 29 December 2025 (announcement date)

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates: The Government of India approved the REPM Scheme with an outlay of over ₹7,000 crore to promote manufacturing of sintered rare earth permanent magnets.
• Objectives: To reduce import dependence, build an integrated domestic value chain, and support critical sectors like electric mobility, defence, renewable energy, and electronics through localized magnet production.

Important Terms Explained:

• REPM Scheme: Short for Scheme to Promote Manufacturing of Sintered Rare Earth Permanent Magnets, it aims to build India’s first fully integrated domestic ecosystem for high-performance magnets used in advanced technologies.
• Sintered Rare Earth Permanent Magnets: High-strength magnets derived from processed rare earth oxides, essential in sectors such as EVs, wind turbines, aerospace, and electronics.
• Atmanirbhar Bharat: A mission to make India self-reliant by boosting indigenous manufacturing and reducing dependence on imports.
• Viksit Bharat by 2047: A national vision to transform India into a developed nation by its centenary year of independence.
• Critical Minerals: Naturally occurring minerals that are essential for high-tech and clean energy applications, but are at risk of supply disruptions.

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11. What is the primary focus of Himachal Pradesh’s ‘Green to Gold’ initiative launched in 2025?
A) Expansion of apple exports
B) Solar power plant installations
C) Regulated cultivation of industrial hemp
D) Promotion of eco-tourism in tribal areas
E) Organic farming of medicinal mushrooms
Answer: C) Regulated cultivation of industrial hemp

Event and Location:

• Event: Launch of regulated industrial hemp farming under ‘Green to Gold’ initiative
• Location: Himachal Pradesh
• Date: 24 January 2025 (Cabinet decision on pilot project), reported on 29 December 2025

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates: Himachal Pradesh government approved and initiated regulated cultivation of industrial hemp as part of its rural economic transformation plan.
• Objectives: To promote sustainable agriculture, boost rural livelihoods, reduce wildlife-related farm losses, support climate-resilient crops, and establish a bio-economy-based industrial ecosystem.

Important Terms Explained:

• Green to Gold Initiative: A state-led vision launched by CM Sukhvinder Sukhu to transform Himachal Pradesh’s economy through sustainable hemp-based industries and become self-reliant by 2027.
• Industrial Hemp: A variety of cannabis with low THC content (below 0.3%), cultivated for its fibre, seed, and industrial applications, including textiles, biofuel, paper, and cosmetics.
• THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol): The psychoactive compound in cannabis; regulations cap its content in industrial hemp below 0.3% to ensure it remains non-intoxicating and suitable for legal industrial use.
• Hempcrete: A carbon-negative building material made from hemp and lime, offering high insulation, sustainability, and low environmental impact in green construction.

Tabular Summary:

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12. Which two Indian states joined Ayushman Bharat–PMJAY in 2025?
A) West Bengal and Odisha
B) Tamil Nadu and Delhi
C) Odisha and Delhi
D) Bihar and Kerala
E) Punjab and Gujarat
Answer: C) Odisha and Delhi

Event and Location:

• Event: Expansion of Ayushman Bharat–PMJAY and digital health infrastructure in India
• Location: Pan-India (Odisha and Delhi joined PMJAY in 2025)
• Date: 2025 (updates reported up to 29 December 2025)

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates: The Union Health Ministry expanded Ayushman Bharat–PMJAY to new states, enhanced digital health services, and integrated AI technologies into public healthcare delivery.
• Objectives: To strengthen universal health coverage, improve healthcare accessibility through digital tools, enhance elderly coverage, and reduce TB incidence through integrated reforms and data-driven governance.

Important Terms Explained:

• Ayushman Bharat – PMJAY: India’s flagship health insurance scheme providing ₹5 lakh per family per year for secondary and tertiary care hospitalization to the bottom 40% of the population.
• eSanjeevani: A telemedicine platform offering free video consultations across India, bridging urban–rural health gaps and improving specialist access.
• Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM): A national digital health initiative that enables citizens to create ABHA (Ayushman Bharat Health Account) numbers and link health records for paperless, interoperable healthcare access.
• Ayushman Vay Vandana: A PMJAY-linked benefit that provides all Indian citizens aged 70 and above free medical treatment up to ₹5 lakh per year regardless of income status.
• AI-Driven Public Health Reforms: Technology integration that includes AI tools for clinical decision support, TB detection, disease surveillance, and diabetic retinopathy screening, boosting diagnosis accuracy and efficiency.

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National Affairs – Daily Current Affairs December 29

13. What milestone did India achieve in space exploration in 2025 as mentioned in the 129th episode of Mann Ki Baat?
A) India launched Chandrayaan-4
B) ISRO set up a moon base
C) First Indian reached the International Space Station
D) India sent a mission to Mars
E) First private satellite launched by India
Answer: C) First Indian reached the International Space Station

Event and Location:

• Event: Final Mann Ki Baat episode of 2025 reflecting on national achievements
• Location: Pan-India broadcast (All India Radio and digital platforms)
• Date: 28 December 2025

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates: Prime Minister Narendra Modi addressed the nation through the 129th episode of Mann Ki Baat.
• Objectives: The aim was to highlight India’s key achievements in 2025, inspire citizens towards the goal of Viksit Bharat, and encourage youth participation, cultural pride, and innovation.

Important Terms Explained:

• Operation Sindoor: A key national security operation representing India’s proactive defense and emotional unity with Maa Bharati.
• PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana: A government scheme offering ₹75,000–₹80,000 financial support for rooftop solar installations to promote clean energy.
• Smart India Hackathon: A nationwide initiative that encourages innovation among students to solve real-world challenges like digital fraud and agricultural efficiency.
• Viksit Bharat Young Leaders Dialogue: A platform for youth to contribute innovative ideas in fields like startups, fitness, and agriculture.
• GI Tag (Geographical Indication): A certification for products with unique origin-based qualities; Narasapuram Lace from Andhra Pradesh was granted this in 2025.

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14. What was the theme of the 5th National Conference of Chief Secretaries chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in December 2025?
A) Digital India for All
B) Green Growth for India
C) Human Capital for Viksit Bharat
D) Atmanirbhar Bharat Mission
E) Skilling India for Tomorrow
Answer: C) Human Capital for Viksit Bharat

Event and Location:

• Event: 5th National Conference of Chief Secretaries chaired by PM Modi
• Location: New Delhi
• Date: 26 December 2025 (start date of the 3-day conference)

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates: The Prime Minister chaired a high-level conference with Chief Secretaries and central officials to discuss governance reforms and development strategies.
• Objectives: To enhance Centre–State coordination and build a shared vision for Viksit Bharat through structured dialogue, focusing on education, skilling, inclusive growth, and administrative reforms.

Important Terms Explained:

• Viksit Bharat: A vision of a developed India focused on sustainable, inclusive, and equitable national progress.
• Cooperative Federalism: A governance model where the Centre and States work together in planning and implementation of development programs.
• AgriStack: A proposed digital ecosystem for agriculture in India, aimed at improving efficiency, market access, and farmer services through technology.
• One State, One World Class Tourist Destination: A proposed idea to develop at least one globally competitive tourist destination in every state to enhance tourism and boost local economies.
• Atmanirbhar Bharat: A campaign promoting self-reliant India through domestic manufacturing, innovation, and reducing external dependency.

Tabular Summary:

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15. Which river is the Dulhasti Stage-II Hydropower Project being developed on?
A) Ravi
B) Beas
C) Jhelum
D) Chenab
E) Sutlej
Answer: D) Chenab

Event and Location:

• Event: Environmental clearance granted for Dulhasti Stage-II Hydropower Project
• Location: Kishtwar district, Jammu and Kashmir
• Date: December 2025 (Approval during the 45th EAC meeting)

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates: The Expert Appraisal Committee under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change approved the 260 MW Dulhasti Stage-II project on the Chenab River.
• Objectives: To enhance clean energy capacity in the Indus basin, utilise run-of-the-river design for low-impact power generation, and support strategic infrastructure development in Jammu and Kashmir post suspension of the Indus Waters Treaty.

Important Terms Explained:

• Dulhasti Stage-II: A 260 MW hydropower extension of the Dulhasti Stage-I project, designed as a run-of-the-river project using discharged water from Stage-I for power generation.
• Chenab River: A major river in the Indus basin, flowing through Jammu and Kashmir and into Pakistan, subject to provisions under the Indus Waters Treaty.
• Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC): A statutory panel under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) responsible for reviewing large infrastructure projects for environmental clearance.
• Run-of-the-River Project: A type of hydroelectric project that generates power without creating large reservoirs, thereby reducing ecological and social impact.
• Indus Waters Treaty Suspension: India suspended the 1960 treaty with Pakistan on 23 April 2025, leading to a shift in strategic water resource utilization in India.

Tabular Summary:

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16. Who became the second Indian President to undertake a submarine sortie after APJ Abdul Kalam?
A) Ram Nath Kovind
B) Pratibha Patil
C) Droupadi Murmu
D) Shankar Dayal Sharma
E) Venkaiah Naidu
Answer: C) Droupadi Murmu

Event and Location:

• Event: President Droupadi Murmu undertakes submarine sortie aboard INS Vaghsheer
• Location: Karwar Naval Base, Karnataka
• Date: December 27, 2025

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates: President Droupadi Murmu embarked on an operational submarine voyage on INS Vaghsheer, accompanied by the Chief of Naval Staff, showcasing support to the Indian Navy.
• Objectives: To reaffirm the President’s role as Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces, boost morale of naval personnel, and highlight India’s naval strength and indigenous defence capabilities.

Important Terms Explained:

• INS Vaghsheer: A Kalvari-class diesel-electric attack submarine, the sixth and final under India’s Project-75 Scorpene programme, commissioned in January 2025.
• Project-75 (Scorpene): A submarine construction initiative by the Indian Navy in collaboration with France’s Naval Group to enhance India’s underwater combat capabilities through indigenous shipbuilding.
• Atmanirbhar Bharat: A national mission launched to promote self-reliance in key sectors like defence manufacturing, encouraging indigenisation and reduction in imports.

Tabular Summary:

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17. In which Indian state are the country’s first PPP-model medical colleges being set up in tribal districts?
A) Chhattisgarh
B) Odisha
C) Madhya Pradesh
D) Jharkhand
E) Rajasthan
Answer: C) Madhya Pradesh

Event and Location:

• Event: Launch of India’s first PPP-model medical colleges
• Location: Madhya Pradesh – Districts of Dhar and Betul
• Date: December 2025

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates: Establishment of public-private partnership (PPP) medical colleges in tribal districts, with land leased by the government and infrastructure developed by private partners.
• Objectives: To expand medical education access in underserved regions, upgrade district hospitals, and increase the availability of doctors in tribal and rural Madhya Pradesh.

Important Terms Explained:

• Public-Private Partnership (PPP): A collaborative model where the government and private sector jointly contribute to the creation and operation of infrastructure or services, sharing risks and responsibilities.
• National Medical Commission (NMC): The apex regulatory body for medical education and professionals in India, responsible for setting standards for medical institutions.
• Teaching Hospital: A hospital affiliated with a medical college, providing both healthcare services and clinical education to medical students.

Tabular Summary:

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Over All Review

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