Daily Current Affairs October 26

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October 26 | Daily Current Affairs 2026

Important Days – Daily Current Affairs October 26

1. What is the theme of Vigilance Awareness Week 2026, observed from October 26 to November 1 under the Central Vigilance Commission?
A) Integrity for a Developed Nation
B) Say No to Corruption
C) Probity for Prosperity
D) Transparency for Good Governance
E) Vigilance for a Corruption-Free India
Answer: C) Probity for Prosperity.

Event and Location:

• Event: The Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) is observing Vigilance Awareness Week 2026 under the theme “Probity for Prosperity” (सत्यनिष्ठा से समृद्धि) to promote integrity, transparency, accountability and corruption prevention.
• Location: Across India, involving central government departments, public sector undertakings, public sector banks and other institutions.
• Date: October 26 to November 1, 2026.

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates: The Central Vigilance Commission directed government departments, Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs), public sector banks and other institutions to organise activities during Vigilance Awareness Week 2026. These include administering the Integrity Pledge, conducting employee awareness workshops, debates, quizzes, walkathons, marathons, public campaigns, digital outreach programmes, grievance redressal camps and Gram Sabha meetings. Organisations were also encouraged to involve vendors, suppliers, contractors, students and citizens in anti-corruption awareness initiatives.
• Objectives: To strengthen ethical conduct in public administration, promote transparency in decision-making, enhance institutional accountability, prevent corruption through preventive vigilance, encourage public participation in anti-corruption activities and highlight the relationship between integrity and sustainable national prosperity.

Important Terms Explained:

• Vigilance Awareness Week: An annual nationwide observance organised under the guidance of the CVC to promote integrity, ethical conduct, transparency and public awareness about corruption prevention, around the birth anniversary of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel on October 31.
• Probity: The quality of maintaining honesty, integrity and high ethical standards, particularly in public service, governance and financial decision-making.
• Central Vigilance Commission (CVC): India’s apex vigilance institution, established in 1964 following the recommendations of the K. Santhanam Committee and granted statutory status under the Central Vigilance Commission Act, 2003.
• Integrity Pledge: A formal commitment undertaken by individuals and organisations to uphold honesty, transparency, ethical conduct and zero tolerance towards corruption.
• Preventive Vigilance: An approach to reducing corruption by identifying institutional weaknesses, improving procedures, strengthening internal controls and promoting transparency before misconduct occurs.
• K. Santhanam Committee: A committee on the prevention of corruption whose recommendations led to the establishment of the Central Vigilance Commission in 1964.
• Central Vigilance Commission Act, 2003: The legislation that provided statutory status to the CVC and defined its functions, powers and responsibilities concerning vigilance administration in specified central government organisations.
• Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs): Enterprises owned or controlled by the government that provide goods and services across economic sectors and are subject to applicable public accountability and vigilance mechanisms.
• Grievance Redressal: A formal mechanism through which public institutions receive, examine and resolve complaints relating to administrative services, misconduct or other grievances.
• Gram Sabha: A village-level assembly comprising persons registered on the electoral rolls of a village within a Gram Panchayat area, providing a platform for community participation and local accountability.

Tabular Summary:

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Sports – Daily Current Affairs October 26

2. Which Indian city has been selected by the International Weightlifting Federation to host the 2029 World Weightlifting Championships for the first time in India?
A) New Delhi
B) Mumbai
C) Bengaluru
D) Ahmedabad
E) Hyderabad
Answer: D) Ahmedabad.

Event and Location:

• Event: Ahmedabad has been selected to host the 2029 World Weightlifting Championships, marking the first time India will host this prestigious international weightlifting competition.
• Location: Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India, with the hosting decision announced in Ningbo, China.
• Date: October 25, 2026.

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates: The International Weightlifting Federation (IWF) announced Ahmedabad as the host city for the 2029 World Senior Weightlifting Championships following its Executive Board meeting in Ningbo, China, on October 25, 2026. The federation also announced Yerevan, Armenia, for 2027, Prishtina, Kosovo, and Caracas, Venezuela, for separate championships in 2028, and Moscow, Russia, for 2030. Ahmedabad is also scheduled to host the 2030 Commonwealth Games, while Gandhinagar hosted the 2026 Asian Weightlifting Championships.
• Objectives: To strengthen India’s position as an international sporting destination, promote weightlifting at the national level, provide Indian athletes with opportunities to compete against leading international weightlifters on home soil, encourage public participation in sports and enhance Ahmedabad’s capabilities for organising major international sporting events.

Important Terms Explained:

• World Weightlifting Championships: An international weightlifting competition organised by the International Weightlifting Federation, first held in 1891, featuring elite athletes competing in different bodyweight categories.
• International Weightlifting Federation (IWF): The global governing body responsible for regulating international weightlifting competitions, establishing technical rules and organising major championships, including the World Weightlifting Championships.
• World Senior Weightlifting Championships: The premier international championship for senior weightlifters, featuring competitions in the snatch and clean and jerk disciplines across different weight categories.
• World Youth Weightlifting Championships: An international competition organised for younger weightlifters to promote talent development and participation in competitive weightlifting.
• World Junior Weightlifting Championships: An international championship for junior-category weightlifters that provides opportunities for emerging athletes to compete at the global level.
• Commonwealth Games: A major international multi-sport competition involving athletes from Commonwealth nations and territories, generally organised once every four years.
• Snatch: A weightlifting technique in which an athlete lifts a barbell from the floor to an overhead position in one continuous movement.
• Clean and Jerk: A weightlifting technique performed in two stages, involving lifting the barbell from the floor to the shoulders and then raising it overhead.

Tabular Summary:

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Obituary – Daily Current Affairs October 26

3. Which renowned Indian modern artist and former Rajya Sabha MP, known for his distinctive cross-hatching technique, passed away in October 2026 at the age of 87?
A) M. F. Husain
B) Jamini Roy
C) Jogen Chowdhury
D) S. H. Raza
E) Tyeb Mehta
Answer: C) Jogen Chowdhury.

Event and Location:

• Event: Renowned Indian modern artist and former Rajya Sabha MP Jogen Chowdhury passed away at the age of 87, leaving behind a significant legacy in modern Indian art, art preservation and public service.
• Location: Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
• Date: October 25, 2026.

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates: Jogen Chowdhury was a prominent Indian painter known for combining traditional Bengal artistic influences with modernist techniques, particularly cross-hatching. He studied at the Government College of Art and Craft, Kolkata, and École Nationale Supérieure des Beaux-Arts, Paris. He served as Keeper of Art at Rashtrapati Bhavan from 1972 to 1987, later taught at Santiniketan and represented West Bengal in the Rajya Sabha as a Trinamool Congress (TMC) member from 2014 to 2020.
• Objectives: His artistic work focused on combining traditional Indian imagery with contemporary social and political themes, developing expressive representations of human figures, preserving India’s artistic heritage, mentoring emerging artists and raising issues concerning the artistic community through his parliamentary role.

Important Terms Explained:

• Cross-Hatching: An artistic drawing technique involving intersecting sets of parallel lines to create shading, texture, tonal variation and depth, widely associated with Jogen Chowdhury’s distinctive artistic style.
• Modern Indian Art: A broad artistic movement that combines Indian cultural traditions with modern techniques, experimentation and contemporary social themes, allowing artists to develop individual forms of expression.
• Kalighat Painting: A traditional painting style that originated in 19th-century Kolkata near the Kalighat Temple and is known for bold outlines, simplified figures, expressive forms and social commentary.
• Tiger in Moonlight: A notable painting by Jogen Chowdhury that reflects his distinctive artistic approach and expressive use of line and form.
• Keeper of Art: A professional responsible for managing, documenting, curating and preserving artworks in an institutional collection, a position held by Chowdhury at Rashtrapati Bhavan between 1972 and 1987.
• Santiniketan: A cultural and educational centre in West Bengal associated with Rabindranath Tagore and Visva-Bharati University, recognised for its contributions to Indian art, literature and education.
• Rajya Sabha: The Upper House of the Indian Parliament, also known as the Council of States, which represents India’s states and Union Territories in the parliamentary system.
• Trinamool Congress (TMC): An Indian political party founded in 1998 by Mamata Banerjee, through which Jogen Chowdhury served as a Rajya Sabha member representing West Bengal.

Tabular Summary:

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Appointments – Daily Current Affairs October 26

4. Who won Brazil’s 2026 presidential runoff election with 51.79% of valid votes, securing a fourth presidential term?
A) Jair Bolsonaro
B) Flávio Bolsonaro
C) Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
D) Fernando Haddad
E) Geraldo Alckmin
Answer: C) Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva.

Event and Location:

• Event: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva won Brazil’s 2026 presidential runoff election, securing a fourth presidential term with 51.79% of valid votes against Flávio Bolsonaro’s 48.21%.
• Location: Brazil, South America.
• Date: October 25, 2026.

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates: Brazil’s Superior Electoral Court (TSE) declared President Lula the winner of the second-round presidential election held on October 25, 2026, after no candidate secured an outright majority in the first round on October 4, 2026. Lula, representing the Workers’ Party (PT), received 64,256,232 votes, defeating Flávio Bolsonaro of the Liberal Party (PL), who secured 59,826,041 votes. The result gave Lula a fourth presidential term, with the next term reported to begin in January 2027.
• Objectives: The election aimed to select Brazil’s president for the next four-year term through a democratic voting process. Lula’s upcoming administration is expected to address economic reforms, social welfare programmes, environmental conservation, Amazon rainforest protection and foreign relations with major powers, including the United States and China, while managing political divisions and opposition in Congress.

Important Terms Explained:

• Presidential Runoff Election: A second round of voting held when no candidate secures the required majority in the first round, allowing the leading candidates to compete for the presidency.
• Superior Electoral Court (TSE): Brazil’s highest electoral judicial authority responsible for administering and supervising national elections, overseeing electoral procedures and declaring official election results.
• Workers’ Party (PT): A Brazilian political party founded in 1980, associated with labour movements and left-wing politics, of which Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva is a prominent leader.
• Liberal Party (PL): A Brazilian political party associated with conservative and right-wing politics, represented by Flávio Bolsonaro in the reported 2026 presidential election.
• Valid Votes: Votes officially counted for eligible candidates, excluding blank and invalid ballots, and used to determine the winning candidate’s vote percentage.
• Brazilian National Congress: Brazil’s bicameral federal legislature, comprising the Chamber of Deputies and Federal Senate, responsible for passing legislation, approving budgets and overseeing government activities.
• Amazon Rainforest: The world’s largest tropical rainforest, extending across several South American countries, with its largest portion in Brazil, and playing a major role in biodiversity conservation and global climate regulation.
• Deforestation: The removal or clearing of forests for activities such as agriculture, mining and infrastructure development, potentially affecting biodiversity, carbon storage and ecological stability.

Tabular Summary:

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Awards – Daily Current Affairs October 26

5. Which Maharashtra-based tribal products initiative won Japan’s G-Mark Good Design Award for packaging inspired by Warli, Gond and Chitrakathi art forms?
A) TRIFED Naturals
B) Van Dhan Naturals
C) Shabari Naturals
D) Adivasi Heritage
E) Tribal India Crafts
Answer: C) Shabari Naturals.

Event and Location:

• Event: Shabari Naturals, a tribal products initiative of the Maharashtra Government, won the G-Mark Good Design Award for its innovative packaging inspired by traditional Warli, Gond and Chitrakathi tribal art forms.
• Location: Maharashtra, India, with the award ceremony scheduled to be held in Tokyo, Japan.
• Date: October 25, 2026 (announcement), with the award ceremony scheduled for November 4, 2026.

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates: Shabari Naturals, an initiative supported by the Shabari Tribal Finance and Development Corporation (STFDC), received international design recognition for incorporating traditional tribal artwork into modern product packaging. Prime Minister Narendra Modi highlighted the achievement during his Mann Ki Baat radio programme on October 25, 2026, linking it with the Vocal for Local initiative. Leena Bansod, Managing Director of STFDC, was scheduled to receive the award in Tokyo on November 4, 2026.
• Objectives: To promote Maharashtra’s tribal heritage through creative product packaging, increase market visibility for tribal and forest-based products, preserve traditional artistic practices, strengthen the commercial identity of indigenous products, support tribal livelihoods and improve income-generation opportunities for tribal producers and forest gatherers.

Important Terms Explained:

• G-Mark Good Design Award: An internationally recognised Japanese design award administered by the Japan Institute of Design Promotion, honouring excellence in product, service and system design based on innovation, usability, aesthetics and social significance.
• Japan Institute of Design Promotion (JDP): A Japanese organisation responsible for administering the Good Design Award and promoting the role of design in improving products, services and society.
• Shabari Naturals: A Maharashtra Government-supported initiative promoting tribal and forest-based products through branding, packaging and market access, including wild honey, brown rice, pulses, millets, spices and handicrafts.
• Shabari Tribal Finance and Development Corporation (STFDC): A Maharashtra-based organisation headquartered in Nashik that supports tribal economic development and promotes livelihood opportunities through financial assistance and market-oriented initiatives.
• Warli Art: A traditional tribal painting style originating from Maharashtra’s Warli community, characterised by geometric shapes such as circles, triangles and lines depicting everyday life, rituals and nature.
• Gond Art: A traditional painting style associated with the Gond communities of central India, recognised for its intricate patterns, dots, lines and colourful representations of animals, plants, nature and folklore.
• Chitrakathi Art: A traditional storytelling art form practised in Maharashtra that uses painted pictures and sequential illustrations to narrate mythological stories, folklore and cultural traditions.
• Vocal for Local: An Indian initiative encouraging consumers to support locally manufactured goods, traditional crafts, indigenous products and domestic enterprises to strengthen local economies.
• Mann Ki Baat: A radio programme through which Prime Minister Narendra Modi addresses the public on issues related to national development, social initiatives, achievements and community participation.

Tabular Summary:

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Science and Technology – Daily Current Affairs October 26

6. How many functional launch pads does ISRO aim to establish in India by 2029 under its expansion roadmap announced by Chairman V. Narayanan?
A) Two
B) Three
C) Five
D) Four
E) Six
Answer: D) Four.

Event and Location:

• Event: The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) announced plans to expand India’s space launch infrastructure to four functional launch pads by 2029, including a dedicated 2,000-acre Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) complex in Tamil Nadu.
• Location: Kulasekarapattinam, Thoothukudi district, Tamil Nadu, and Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh.
• Date: October 26, 2026 (reporting date), with the expansion target set for 2029.

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates: ISRO Chairman V. Narayanan announced a roadmap to increase India’s operational launch pads from two to four by 2029. The plan includes developing a dedicated SSLV launch complex at Kulasekarapattinam, constructing a third launch pad at Sriharikota and encouraging greater participation from private space companies. The Kulasekarapattinam facility will support small-satellite launches, particularly into polar orbits. ISRO also reviewed preparations for the Gaganyaan Human Spaceflight Mission and Chandrayaan-5, a proposed lunar exploration mission in collaboration with Japan.
• Objectives: To expand India’s satellite launch capacity, meet growing domestic and international demand for small-satellite missions, reduce congestion at existing launch facilities, enable cost-effective and flexible commercial launches, encourage private-sector participation and strengthen India’s capabilities in scientific research, communication, navigation, human spaceflight and lunar exploration.

Important Terms Explained:

• Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV): A three-stage, solid-propellant launch vehicle developed by ISRO to provide low-cost, rapid-turnaround and on-demand satellite launch services, with the capability to carry approximately 500 kg of payload into Low Earth Orbit.
• Kulasekarapattinam SSLV Launch Complex: A dedicated space launch facility being developed across approximately 2,000 acres in Tamil Nadu to support small-satellite launches into polar orbits and provide launch services for ISRO and eligible private organisations.
• Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC SHAR): India’s principal space launch centre, located at Sriharikota in Andhra Pradesh, which had two operational launch pads as of March 2026.
• Third Launch Pad (TLP): A government-approved launch infrastructure project at Sriharikota intended to expand India’s launch capacity and support future space missions, with construction planned within the 2029–2030 timeframe.
• Low Earth Orbit (LEO): An Earth-centred orbit generally extending up to approximately 2,000 km above the Earth’s surface, widely used for Earth observation, communication and scientific satellites.
• Polar Orbit: A satellite orbit that passes over or near the Earth’s polar regions, allowing satellites to observe different parts of the planet as Earth rotates beneath them.
• Sun-Synchronous Orbit (SSO): A near-polar orbit in which a satellite passes over a given location at approximately the same local solar time, making it suitable for Earth observation and remote sensing.
• Gaganyaan Mission: India’s human spaceflight programme led by ISRO, aimed at demonstrating the capability to send Indian astronauts into space and return them safely to Earth.
• Chandrayaan-5: A proposed India–Japan lunar exploration mission involving ISRO and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), with plans for a 350-kg rover to conduct scientific investigations on the Moon for approximately 100 days.
• Telemetry, Tracking and Telecommand (TT&C): Space mission support systems used to receive spacecraft data, monitor vehicle position and transmit operational commands to launch vehicles and satellites.

Tabular Summary:

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7. Which clinical trial was launched in the Democratic Republic of Congo in October 2026 to evaluate the effectiveness of the Ervebo vaccine against the Bundibugyo Ebola virus?
A) Solidarity Trial
B) PALM Trial
C) Tumaini Trial
D) PREVAIL Trial
E) RECOVERY Trial
Answer: C) Tumaini Trial.

Event and Location:

• Event: The Democratic Republic of Congo (DR Congo) launched the Tumaini Ebola Vaccine Trial to evaluate whether the existing Ervebo vaccine and other vaccine candidates can provide protection against the Bundibugyo Ebola virus.
• Location: Bunia, Ituri Province, northeastern Democratic Republic of Congo, Central Africa.
• Date: October 23, 2026.

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates: The DR Congo’s health authorities launched the Tumaini clinical study with support from the World Health Organization (WHO) to evaluate the safety, immune response and protective effectiveness of vaccines against the Bundibugyo virus. The first vaccination using Ervebo was administered in Bunia on October 23, 2026. The study is co-sponsored by the National Institute for Biomedical Research (INRB) and the Global Health Institute of the University of Antwerp. It also plans to evaluate two experimental vaccine candidates, ChAdOx1 Bundibugyo and mRNA-1469, subject to the necessary approvals.
• Objectives: To determine whether Ervebo, which is licensed against the Zaire Ebola virus, can provide cross-protection against Bundibugyo virus disease, assess vaccine safety and immunogenicity, evaluate the effectiveness of new vaccine technologies, strengthen outbreak response through ring vaccination and generate scientific evidence for preventing future Ebola outbreaks.

Important Terms Explained:

• Tumaini Trial: A clinical research study launched in DR Congo to evaluate multiple Ebola vaccine candidates against Bundibugyo virus disease, focusing on safety, immunogenicity and efficacy. Tumaini means Hope in Swahili.
• Ervebo Vaccine: A licensed Ebola vaccine designed to prevent disease caused by the Zaire Ebola virus. Its effectiveness against the distinct Bundibugyo virus in humans remains unestablished.
• Bundibugyo Virus (BDBV): A species of virus belonging to the genus Orthoebolavirus that causes Ebola disease in humans, with no licensed vaccine specifically available against it as reported in October 2026.
• Zaire Ebola Virus: The Ebola virus species targeted by the licensed Ervebo vaccine and responsible for several major Ebola outbreaks in Africa.
• Ring Vaccination: A targeted vaccination strategy in which contacts of infected individuals, and potentially contacts of those contacts, are vaccinated to help limit disease transmission.
• Immunogenicity: The ability of a vaccine or other substance to stimulate an immune response, including the production of antibodies and activation of immune cells.
• Vaccine Efficacy: The degree to which a vaccine reduces the occurrence of a disease among vaccinated individuals compared with an appropriate control group under clinical study conditions.
• Cross-Protection: The ability of a vaccine developed against one pathogen or viral species to provide some level of protection against a related pathogen or species.
• ChAdOx1 Bundibugyo Vaccine: An experimental adenoviral-vector vaccine candidate developed by the University of Oxford and the Serum Institute of India to protect against Bundibugyo virus disease.
• mRNA-1469: An experimental messenger RNA-based vaccine candidate developed by Moderna for protection against Bundibugyo virus disease.
• Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI): A global partnership supporting the research and development of vaccines against emerging infectious diseases and epidemic threats.
• Ebola Virus Disease (EVD): A severe viral illness that can cause fever, weakness, vomiting, diarrhoea and sometimes bleeding, transmitted primarily through direct contact with infected bodily fluids or contaminated materials.

Tabular Summary:

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Schemes – Daily Current Affairs October 26

8. Until which date has the Department of Commerce extended Component II of the RELIEF initiative, providing 95% risk coverage to eligible Indian exporters?
A) December 31, 2026
B) January 31, 2027
C) March 31, 2027
D) June 30, 2027
E) September 30, 2027
Answer: C) March 31, 2027.

Event and Location:

• Event: The Department of Commerce extended Component II of the RELIEF initiative until March 31, 2027, providing 95% risk coverage to eligible Indian exporters affected by shipping disruptions and geopolitical uncertainties in West Asia.
• Location: India, with a focus on exporters shipping goods to destinations affected by disruptions in the Gulf and West Asian regions.
• Date: October 26, 2026 (reported announcement), with the extension valid until March 31, 2027.

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates: The Department of Commerce extended Component II of the Resilience & Logistics Intervention for Export Facilitation (RELIEF) initiative under the Export Promotion Mission (EPM) to provide enhanced insurance support to Indian exporters affected by geopolitical tensions and shipping disruptions in West Asia. The initiative, launched on March 19, 2026, provides 95% risk coverage to eligible exporters obtaining insurance from the Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India (ECGC), which serves as the nodal implementing agency responsible for administering the notified risk-support mechanism and processing eligible claims.
• Objectives: To protect Indian exporters against financial risks arising from disruptions in international shipping, reduce the burden of increased insurance premiums and freight costs, mitigate risks associated with geopolitical uncertainties and war-risk premiums, encourage exporters to obtain ECGC insurance, maintain export competitiveness and ensure continuity of overseas trade operations.

Important Terms Explained:

• RELIEF Initiative: A Government of India initiative launched on March 19, 2026, under the Export Promotion Mission to provide financial and risk-management support to exporters affected by logistics disruptions, higher freight charges and insurance costs arising from geopolitical tensions in West Asia.
• RELIEF Component II: A component of the RELIEF initiative providing enhanced risk coverage of 95% to eligible Indian exporters obtaining ECGC insurance for shipments affected by disruptions, with support extended until March 31, 2027.
• Export Promotion Mission (EPM): A Government of India initiative designed to strengthen Indian exports by improving trade competitiveness, facilitating market access and providing financial and non-financial support to exporters.
• Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India (ECGC): A public-sector export credit insurance organisation under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry that provides protection to Indian exporters and financing institutions against eligible commercial and political risks.
• Export Credit Insurance: An insurance arrangement that protects exporters against financial losses arising from non-payment by foreign buyers or certain covered political and commercial risks.
• Risk Coverage: The proportion of an eligible insured loss covered under an insurance policy, subject to applicable terms, conditions and exclusions.
• War-Risk Premium: An additional insurance charge imposed on shipments exposed to risks arising from armed conflicts, geopolitical instability or war-related disruptions.
• Freight Costs: Expenses incurred in transporting goods between locations, particularly through maritime, air, road or rail transport in domestic and international trade.
• Geopolitical Risk: The possibility of financial, trade or operational disruptions caused by political tensions, international conflicts, sanctions or instability between countries.

Tabular Summary:

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National Affairs – Daily Current Affairs October 26

9. Which Union Territory became India’s first fully organic Union Territory in October 2026 after banning the sale and use of chemical fertilisers?
A) Jammu and Kashmir
B) Ladakh
C) Chandigarh
D) Puducherry
E) Lakshadweep
Answer: B) Ladakh.

Event and Location:

• Event: Ladakh became India’s first fully organic Union Territory following a ban on the sale and use of chemical fertilisers and initiatives to promote organic agriculture.
• Location: Ladakh, India, situated in the Trans-Himalayan cold-desert region.
• Date: October 25, 2026.

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates: Ladakh Lieutenant Governor Vinai Kumar Saxena announced the Union Territory’s fully organic status following the ban on chemical fertilisers imposed in June 2026. Under the Mission Organic Development Initiative (MODI), launched in 2020, the administration aims to bring all 666 villages under certified organic farming, with a reported budget of ₹500 crore.
• Objectives: To promote sustainable agriculture, eliminate dependence on chemical fertilisers, protect soil health and the fragile Himalayan ecosystem, expand organic certification, improve agricultural branding and marketing, and increase farmers’ incomes through better prices and value addition.

Important Terms Explained:

• Mission Organic Development Initiative (MODI): An organic farming initiative launched in Ladakh in 2020 to convert all 666 villages into certified organic cultivation zones through sustainable agricultural practices, bio-fertiliser production, seed supply, protected cultivation and marketing support.
• Organic Farming: An agricultural production system that avoids synthetic chemical fertilisers and promotes natural inputs, soil fertility, biodiversity conservation and environmentally sustainable cultivation.
• Organic Certification: A formal verification process that confirms agricultural products and production practices comply with prescribed organic farming standards.
• National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP): An Indian programme that establishes organic production standards and provides an accreditation framework for organic certification agencies.
• Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA): A statutory authority under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry responsible for promoting agricultural and processed food exports and implementing NPOP.
• Sikkim State Organic Certification Agency: An organic certification agency with which Ladakh entered into an agreement in July 2021 to support its transition towards certified organic agriculture.
• Bio-fertilisers: Preparations containing beneficial microorganisms that improve nutrient availability and support soil fertility through biological processes.
• Protected Cultivation: A farming technique that uses structures such as greenhouses and polyhouses to protect crops from adverse climatic conditions and improve production.

Tabular Summary:

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10. In which city did Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurate the RBI Data Centre and Cybersecurity Training Institute on October 25, 2026?
A) Mumbai
B) Hyderabad
C) Bhubaneswar
D) Bengaluru
E) Chennai
Answer: C) Bhubaneswar.

Event and Location:

• Event: Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Data Centre and Cybersecurity Training Institute to strengthen India’s digital financial infrastructure, payment systems and cybersecurity capabilities.
• Location: Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
• Date: October 25, 2026.

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates: The RBI established a Data Centre and Cybersecurity Training Institute in Bhubaneswar to support mission-critical payment applications, including Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS) and National Electronic Funds Transfer (NEFT). The Data Centre will facilitate secure financial data processing, reliable digital transactions and uninterrupted banking services, while the training institute will focus on cybersecurity, Artificial Intelligence (AI), threat detection, incident response and emerging technologies.
• Objectives: To strengthen India’s digital banking infrastructure, improve the reliability and security of electronic payment systems, ensure business continuity during technological disruptions, protect sensitive financial data, enhance cybersecurity preparedness and develop skilled professionals capable of addressing emerging cyber threats in the financial sector.

Important Terms Explained:

• RBI Data Centre: A specialised technological infrastructure facility designed to support critical RBI applications, manage financial system data and improve the operational reliability, security and resilience of India’s payment systems.
• Cybersecurity Training Institute: A specialised training facility established to develop professional expertise in cybersecurity, artificial intelligence, threat detection, incident response and emerging financial technologies.
• Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS): An RBI-operated electronic payment system that processes and settles fund transfers individually in real time. The minimum transaction amount is ₹2 lakh, with no maximum limit prescribed by the RBI, and the service is available 24×7.
• National Electronic Funds Transfer (NEFT): An RBI-operated electronic fund transfer system that processes transactions in half-hourly batches. It operates 24×7, with no minimum or maximum transaction limit prescribed by the RBI.
• Artificial Intelligence (AI): Technology that enables computer systems to perform tasks involving learning, pattern recognition and decision-making, including detecting suspicious financial transactions and potential cybersecurity threats.
• Cybersecurity: The practice of protecting computer systems, digital networks, financial information and electronic services against cyberattacks, unauthorised access and technological disruptions.
• Incident Response: A structured process for identifying, containing, investigating and recovering from cybersecurity incidents to minimise operational damage and restore essential services.
• Financial System Resilience: The ability of financial institutions, payment networks and supporting technological systems to withstand disruptions, recover from cyber incidents and maintain essential financial services.

Tabular Summary:

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11. Which cyclonic storm was forecast by the India Meteorological Department to make landfall along the Andhra Pradesh and Yanam coasts on October 28, 2026, with winds of 115–125 kmph?
A) Cyclone Dana
B) Cyclone Arnab
C) Cyclone Montha
D) Cyclone Biparjoy
E) Cyclone Remal
Answer: B) Cyclone Arnab.

Event and Location:

• Event: Cyclone Arnab was forecast to intensify into a very severe cyclonic storm and make landfall along the Andhra Pradesh and Yanam coasts, with sustained winds of 115–125 kmph, gusting up to 140 kmph.
• Location: East-central and adjoining west-central Bay of Bengal, with the expected landfall area between Bapatla and Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh, including the Yanam coast of Puducherry.
• Date: October 26, 2026 (forecast bulletin), with landfall predicted for October 28, 2026.

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates: The India Meteorological Department (IMD) issued a cyclone forecast on October 26, 2026, warning that Cyclone Arnab could intensify into a Very Severe Cyclonic Storm (VSCS) before crossing the Andhra Pradesh and Yanam coasts on October 28. The forecast indicated sustained winds of 115–125 kmph, gusting to 140 kmph, along with heavy rainfall and a storm surge of 1.0–1.5 metres above astronomical tide. Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister N. Chandrababu Naidu and Odisha Chief Minister Mohan Charan Majhi directed their respective administrations to strengthen preparedness, activate control rooms and coordinate precautionary measures.
• Objectives: To minimise loss of life and property from cyclonic winds, heavy rainfall, coastal flooding and storm surges, ensure timely dissemination of weather warnings, protect fishermen and coastal communities, improve emergency response coordination and maintain administrative readiness in potentially affected districts.

Important Terms Explained:

• Cyclonic Storm: A tropical weather system over the North Indian Ocean characterised by maximum sustained surface wind speeds of 62–88 kmph under the IMD classification.
• Severe Cyclonic Storm: A tropical cyclone category with maximum sustained wind speeds of 89–117 kmph, capable of causing significant damage through strong winds and heavy rainfall.
• Very Severe Cyclonic Storm (VSCS): An IMD cyclone category characterised by maximum sustained wind speeds of 118–166 kmph, associated with destructive winds, intense rainfall and possible coastal inundation.
• Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm: A powerful tropical cyclone with sustained wind speeds of 167–221 kmph under the IMD classification.
• Super Cyclonic Storm: The highest tropical cyclone intensity category used by the IMD, with maximum sustained wind speeds of 222 kmph or more.
• Storm Surge: An abnormal rise in seawater level caused primarily by cyclonic winds and changes in atmospheric pressure, potentially flooding low-lying coastal regions.
• Astronomical Tide: The predictable rise and fall of sea levels resulting from the gravitational forces of the Moon and Sun, against which storm surge height is measured.
• Landfall: The movement of a tropical cyclone’s centre across a coastline from the sea onto land, often accompanied by strong winds, heavy rainfall and coastal flooding.
• Coastal Inundation: The flooding of low-lying coastal areas due to elevated seawater levels caused by storm surges, high tides or extreme weather conditions.

Tabular Summary:

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12. Which state approved a flight services project by the Kerala Civil Aviation Development Cooperative Society to establish India’s first cooperative-sector airline?
A) Tamil Nadu
B) Karnataka
C) Andhra Pradesh
D) Kerala
E) Telangana
Answer: D) Kerala.

Event and Location:

• Event: The Kerala Government approved a flight services project proposed by the Kerala Civil Aviation Development Cooperative Society, aiming to establish India’s first cooperative-sector airline.
• Location: Kozhikode, Kerala, India.
• Date: October 25, 2026.

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates: The Kerala Government granted approval to the Kerala Civil Aviation Development Cooperative Society to develop a cooperative-sector airline project. The approval was announced by V. D. Satheesan, identified as Kerala’s Chief Minister in the report, during the silver jubilee celebrations of the Calicut City Service Cooperative Society in Kozhikode. C. N. Vijayakrishnan, Chairman of the MVR Cancer Centre and Research Institute, was named the project leader. The proposed airline, tentatively named Co-Keralam, plans to lease two 72-seater aircraft and operate regional flights connecting Kochi with cities in Kerala and neighbouring states.
• Objectives: To introduce cooperative participation in India’s aviation sector, improve regional air connectivity, provide accessible flight services between major South Indian cities, diversify cooperative activities beyond traditional sectors and mobilise investments from cooperative societies for aviation infrastructure and operations.

Important Terms Explained:

• Cooperative-Sector Airline: An airline project owned, financed or managed through cooperative institutions, enabling participating societies to collectively invest in and support commercial aviation services.
• Kerala Civil Aviation Development Cooperative Society: The cooperative organisation responsible for proposing and developing the airline project approved by the Kerala Government.
• Co-Keralam: The tentative name being considered for Kerala’s proposed cooperative-sector airline, which aims to provide regional passenger flight services.
• Cooperative Society: A voluntary association of individuals or institutions formed to achieve shared economic, social or cultural objectives through collective ownership and democratic management.
• Regional Air Connectivity: The development of aviation services connecting cities and regions to improve passenger mobility, economic activity and access to transportation.
• Aircraft Leasing: An arrangement through which an airline obtains aircraft for operational use from an owner or leasing company without purchasing them outright.
• Silver Jubilee: The celebration of the 25th anniversary of an organisation, institution or significant event.
• MVR Cancer Centre and Research Institute: A healthcare and research institution associated with project leader C. N. Vijayakrishnan, who serves as its Chairman.

Tabular Summary:

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