Daily Current Affairs February 01 & 02

Dear Champions, as you all know that a lot of competitive exams have been notified consequently. Candidates have to prepare themselves according to the level of competition and expectation of the Recruitment board. Regarding that one of the most important topic is Daily Current Affairs February 01 & 02. Current Affairs in the form of contemporary events of national & international play a crucial role in almost every competitive exams like Banking, Insurance, SSC, UPSC, TNPSC, Railway etc.

Current affairs are the most dynamic yet scoring among all sections and need to be prepared from the right source. Here, we cafunsta team, providing Daily GK Updates, Current Affairs Questions, and Monthly current affairs pdf.

TO PURCHASE OUR BANKING AWARENESS (2021 Edition) – CLICK HERE

February 01 & 02 | Daily Current Affairs 2024

Important Days – Daily Current Affairs February 01 & 02

1. Where was the central celebration of World Wetlands Day 2025 held in India?
A) Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh
B) Parvati Arga Ramsar Site, Uttar Pradesh
C) Vellalore Tank, Tamil Nadu
D) Samanatham Tank, Madurai
E) Devi Patan, Uttar Pradesh
Answer: B) Parvati Arga Ramsar Site, Uttar Pradesh

Event and Location:

• Event: World Wetlands Day 2025 Celebration
• Date: February 2, 2025
• Location: Parvati Arga Ramsar Site, Gonda, Uttar Pradesh

Mandates and Objectives:

• Theme:
  • “Protecting Wetlands for Our Common Future”
    • Focus on the critical role of wetlands in biodiversity conservation, environmental sustainability, and supporting livelihoods.
    • Emphasis on collaboration to preserve these ecosystems for long-term ecological balance.
• Objectives:
  • Promote global awareness about the value of wetlands.
  • Encourage sustainable wetland management through integrated planning.
  • Highlight the significance of Ramsar Sites and eco-tourism development.
  • Foster employment opportunities in eco-sensitive zones.

Key Highlights:

1. Inauguration and Leadership:
   • Inaugurated by UP Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath and MoS for Environment, Forest and Climate Change Shri Kirti Vardhan Singh.
   • Union Environment Minister Shri Bhupender Yadav highlighted India’s achievements, including the designation of 89 Ramsar Sites.
2. Announced Initiatives:
   • Nature-Culture Tourism Corridor: To connect Ayodhya and Devi Patan, enhancing tourism in the region.
   • Linkage with Sarayu Canal: To sustain water flow in Parvati Arga wetland.
   • Tikri Jungle Development: Proposed as an open safari zone to boost eco-tourism.
3. Publications Launched:
   • Integrated Management Plan of Parvati Arga Ramsar Site: Strategy for biodiversity conservation, community engagement, and sustainable use.
   • Factbook of India’s 85 Ramsar Sites: Provides comprehensive data on Ramsar Sites’ significance and threats.
   • Development of Van Taungya Villages: Focus on sustainable livelihoods for forest-dependent communities.
4. Collaborations and MoUs:
   • Amazon Saheli Program: Partnership with ARGA to empower women entrepreneurs in Gonda.
   • Support Provided: Training in digital marketing, product optimization, and access to market insights.
5. Activities and Competitions:
   • Painting, Quiz, and Nukkad Natak competitions on the theme.
   • Winning teams were felicitated, and the AP Inter College, Mankapur team performed a skit.
6. Regional Workshop:
   • Fourth Sahbhagita Workshop for Northern States conducted with participation from 9 states/UTs, focusing on collaborative wetland management.

Important Terms Explained:

• Ramsar Sites:
  • Wetlands of international importance designated under the Ramsar Convention, 1971.
  • India’s Count: 89 sites covering 1.358 million hectares.
  • Significant Sites Added in 2025: Udhwa Lake (Jharkhand), Khecheopalri Lake (Sikkim), and two sites in Tamil Nadu (Theerthangal and Sakkarakottai).
• Amrit Dharohar Initiative:
  • Launched in 2023 under the Union Budget.
  • Focuses on conservation, eco-tourism, carbon capture, and sustainable livelihoods in Ramsar Sites.
  • Aims to integrate species conservation, tourism, and employment generation.
• Mission LiFE:
  • A lifestyle initiative promoting environmental sustainability and individual responsibility.

Tabular Summary:

---

Sports – Daily Current Affairs February 01 & 02

2. Who was named the Player of the Tournament in the ICC U19 Women’s T20 World Cup 2025?
A) Mieke van Voorst
B) Kayla Reyneke
C) Gongadi Trisha
D) Sanika Chalke
E) Shafali Verma
Answer: C) Gongadi Trisha

Event and Location:

• Event: India wins the ICC U19 Women’s T20 World Cup 2025
• Date: February 2, 2025
• Location: Bayuemas Oval, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Significance of India’s Victory:

• Second Consecutive ICC U19 Women’s T20 World Cup Title: India successfully defended their 2023 title, reaffirming their dominance in youth cricket.
• Comprehensive 9-Wicket Win: A dominant all-round display led to an easy victory over South Africa.
• Emerging Talent: Gongadi Trisha was the standout performer, excelling with both bat and ball.

Match Summary: India’s Commanding Performance

• South Africa’s Struggles with the Bat:
  • South Africa won the toss and opted to bat first but struggled against India’s disciplined bowling attack.
  • Early Collapse: South Africa was 45/5 in 13 overs as Indian bowlers struck at regular intervals.
  • Top Performer: Mieke van Voorst scored a fighting 23 runs, but partnerships were lacking.
  • Total Score: 82 all out in 20 overs, bowled out on the final ball of the innings.
• Gongadi Trisha’s Match-Winning Performance:
  • Bowling: 3 wickets for 15 runs, dismantling South Africa’s top order.
  • Batting: 44 not out*, ensuring an easy chase for India.
  • Overall Tournament Performance: 309 runs in 7 innings, making her the highest run-scorer, along with 9 wickets.

Final Scorecard:

Player of the Tournament: Gongadi Trisha

• Runs Scored: 309 in 7 innings (133 runs ahead of the next best batter).
• Wickets Taken: 9 wickets, including a match-winning 3/15 in the final.
• Consistency: Delivered in crucial moments, guiding India to victory.

Tabular Summary:

---

 

Business and Economy – Daily Current Affairs February 01 & 02

3. What was the gross GST collection in January 2025?
A) ₹1.72 lakh crore
B) ₹1.77 lakh crore
C) ₹1.95 lakh crore
D) ₹2.10 lakh crore
E) ₹1.84 lakh crore
Answer: C) ₹1.95 lakh crore

Event and Location:

• Event: GST Revenue Collection in January 2025
• Location: Nationwide (India)

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates:
  • Ensure efficient tax compliance and processing of refunds.
  • Enhance ease of doing business with improved refund mechanisms.
  • Increase contributions from domestic and imported goods.
• Objectives:
  • Achieve steady revenue growth to exceed budget estimates for FY25.
  • Strengthen fiscal capacity for government spending.
  • Address regional disparities in state-wise GST revenue growth.

Key Highlights of January 2025 GST Collection:

1. Gross Collection:
   • Total gross GST collection: ₹1.95 lakh crore, marking a 12.3% YoY increase.
   • Domestic GST collection: ₹1.47 lakh crore (10% YoY growth).
   • GST from imported goods: ₹48,382 crore (19.8% YoY growth).
2. Refunds Issued:
   • Total refunds: ₹23,853 crore, a 23.9% YoY increase.
   • Growth in refunds highlights improved efficiency in processing claims.
3. Net Collection:
   • After refunds, net GST revenue stood at ₹1.72 lakh crore, reflecting a 10.9% YoY increase.
4. State-wise Performance:
   • Top-performing states:
     • Tamil Nadu (20% growth), Maharashtra (14%), Gujarat (11%), Uttar Pradesh (11%), Telangana (10%).
   • States with slow growth:
     • West Bengal (7%), Rajasthan, Karnataka, Haryana, Punjab, and MP (5–9%).
   • Declines in revenue collection:
     • Himachal Pradesh (-7%), Mizoram (-10%), Manipur (-1%), and Lakshadweep (-4%).
5. Fiscal Year Trend:
   • April–January FY25 net GST revenue: ₹16.16 trillion, a 9.4% increase YoY.
   • Consistent growth is expected to exceed revised budget estimates for FY25.
6. Historical Context:
   • Second-highest monthly GST collection in FY25 (after April 2024: ₹2.10 lakh crore).
   • Reflects economic recovery and increased compliance despite higher refunds.

Important Terms Explained:

• GST (Goods and Services Tax):
  • A comprehensive indirect tax levied on the supply of goods and services across India.
  • Comprises Central GST (CGST), State GST (SGST), Integrated GST (IGST), and GST Cess.
• Refunds in GST:
  • Amounts returned to taxpayers for overpaid taxes, export refunds, or ITC (Input Tax Credit) adjustments.
• Net GST Collection:
  • Gross GST revenue after deducting refunds. Indicator of effective government revenue.
• YoY (Year-on-Year):
  • A metric comparing data from the same period in previous years to assess growth trends.

Tabular Summary:

---

 

Books and Authors – Daily Current Affairs February 01 & 02

4. Who is the editor of the book Indian Renaissance: The Modi Decade?
A) Rajiv Kumar
B) Amit Shah
C) Dr. Aishwarya Pandit
D) Samir Saran
E) Robert Clark
Answer: C) Dr. Aishwarya Pandit

Event and Location:

• Event: Launch of the book Indian Renaissance: The Modi Decade
• Date: February 1, 2025
• Location: NDMC Convention Center, New Delhi

Significance of the Book Launch:

• Explores India’s transformation under PM Narendra Modi: The book covers political, economic, social, and cultural changes from 2014 to 2024.
• Published by Westland Non-Fiction: It is an anthology featuring contributions from 27 distinguished authors.
• Discusses India’s global rise: The book examines governance reforms, economic advancements, and diplomatic progress.

Key Highlights of the Book Launch Event:

• Chief Guest: Union Home Minister Amit Shah
• Guest of Honour: Manohar Lal Khattar, Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs
• Other Dignitaries Present:
  • Kartikeya Sharma (MP, Contributing Author)
  • Biplab Kumar Deb (MP, Former Tripura CM)
  • Rakesh Sinha (Former MP)
  • Mahesh Jethmalani (Former MP)
  • Industrialist Naveen Jindal

Discussions at the Event:

• India’s growth under Modi’s leadership
• Governance reforms and political stability
• Economic and digital transformation
• India’s global stature and diplomatic advancements

Amit Shah’s Remarks on PM Modi’s Leadership:

• Political Stability & Governance: Modi is the first leader in 40 years to secure a third consecutive term.
• Economic Growth: India is now one of the fastest-growing economies globally.
• Poverty Alleviation: Over 25 crore people lifted out of poverty.
• Infrastructure & Welfare: Basic necessities have been provided to millions, even in remote areas.
• Global Image: India has emerged as a strong and self-reliant nation.

About the Editor – Dr. Aishwarya Pandit:

• Associate Professor at Jindal Global Law School
• Former Visiting Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies
• Visiting Faculty at IIM Indore
• Author of Claiming Citizenship and Nation: Muslim Politics and State Building in North India, 1947-1986
• Columnist for The Sunday Guardian

Contributors to the Book:

• Global Leaders & Experts: Tony Abbott, Robert Clark, Don Ritter, Grant Newsham
• Indian Thinkers & Analysts: Rajiv Kumar, Samir Saran, Avatans Kumar, Bharat Kaushal
• Security & Diplomacy Experts: Satoru Nagao, Cleo Paskal, Jonathan Fleming
• Media & Policy Commentators: Pankaj Vohra, Priya Sahgal, Ashish Chauhan

Themes Covered in the Book:

• India’s Political Transformation: Modi’s leadership in reshaping governance
• Economic Reforms Growth, digital revolution, and financial inclusion
• India’s Global Standing Strengthening ties with the US, Arab nations, and other global powers
• Social Welfare & Development Education, healthcare, and infrastructure improvements
• New Nationalism Redefining India’s identity in the 21st century

Tabular Summary:

---

Awards – Daily Current Affairs February 01 & 02

5. Who received the Col. C. K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award at the BCCI Annual Awards 2025?
A) Rahul Dravid
B) Kapil Dev
C) Sachin Tendulkar
D) Sunil Gavaskar
E) Sourav Ganguly
Answer: C) Sachin Tendulkar

Event and Location:

• Event: BCCI Annual Awards 2025
• Date: February 1, 2025
• Location: India

Significance of the BCCI Annual Awards 2025:

• Recognizing Cricket Excellence: The awards honor outstanding performances in domestic and international cricket.
• Lifetime Achievement Recognition: Sachin Tendulkar was honored for his unparalleled contributions to Indian cricket.
• Emerging Talent: Recognition Young stars like Sarfaraz Khan and Asha Sobhana were celebrated for their debut performances.

Key Award Winners:

• Major Awards:
  • Col. C. K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award: Sachin Tendulkar
  • Polly Umrigar Award – Best International Cricketer (Men): Jasprit Bumrah
  • Best International Cricketer (Women): Smriti Mandhana
  • Best International Debut (Men): Sarfaraz Khan
  • Best International Debut (Women): Asha Sobhana
  • BCCI Special Award: Ravichandran Ashwin
• Top Performers in ODIs (Women):
  • Highest Run-Getter: Smriti Mandhana
  • Highest Wicket-Taker: Deepti Sharma

Domestic Cricket Awards:

• Best Umpire in Domestic Cricket: Akshay Totre
• Best Performance in BCCI Domestic Tournaments: Mumbai
• Lala Amarnath Award – Best All-Rounder in Domestic Limited-Overs Cricket: Shashank Singh (Chhattisgarh)
• Lala Amarnath Award – Best All-Rounder in Ranji Trophy: Tanush Kotian

Top Ranji Trophy Performers:

• Madhavrao Scindia Award – Highest Run-Getter (Elite Group): Ricky Bhui (Andhra Pradesh)
• Madhavrao Scindia Award – Highest Run-Getter (Plate Group): Agni Chopra
• Madhavrao Scindia Award – Highest Wicket-Taker (Elite Group): Tanay Thyagarajan
• Madhavrao Scindia Award – Highest Wicket-Taker (Plate Group): Mohit Jangra

Tabular Summary:

---

Science and Technology – Daily Current Affairs February 01 & 02

6. Who previously held the record for the longest spacewalking time by a woman before Sunita Williams?
A) Christina Koch
B) Kathryn Sullivan
C) Peggy Whitson
D) Sally Ride
E) Jessica Meir
Answer: C) Peggy Whitson

Event and Location:

• Event: Sunita Williams sets a new spacewalking record for women
• Date: February 1, 2025
• Location: International Space Station (ISS)

Significance of the Record-Breaking Spacewalk:

• Longest spacewalking time by a woman: Sunita Williams logged 62 hours and 6 minutes across nine spacewalks, surpassing Peggy Whitson’s previous record of 60 hours and 21 minutes.
• Fourth on NASA’s all-time spacewalking list: Williams now ranks fourth among all NASA astronauts for total spacewalking hours.
• Record-breaking spacewalk duration: The historic spacewalk lasted 5 hours and 26 minutes, starting at 7:43 AM ET and ending at 1:09 PM ET.

Purpose of the Spacewalk:

• Removal of degraded hardware: Williams and Butch Wilmore removed faulty radio communication equipment from the ISS.
• Microorganism sample collection: They collected samples from the ISS exterior to check for potential microbial growth in space.

Extended Stay on the ISS:

• Initial mission duration: Williams and Wilmore launched on Boeing’s Starliner spacecraft in June 2024 for an eight-day mission.
• Technical issues with Starliner: Helium leaks and thruster malfunctions rendered the Starliner unsafe for return.
• Planned return mission: NASA plans to bring them back in late March 2025 aboard a SpaceX spacecraft.

Williams’s Achievements:

• Total spacewalks: This was her ninth spacewalk and Wilmore’s fifth.
• First astronaut to complete a triathlon in space: In 2012, Williams completed a triathlon using ISS exercise equipment.

NASA’s Announcement:

• NASA officially confirmed Sunita Williams’s milestone via a post on X (formerly Twitter).
• The agency continues to monitor Williams and Wilmore’s health and mission progress.

Tabular Summary:

---

International Affairs – Daily Current Affairs February 01 & 02

7. Where was the first Raisina Middle East Conference held in 2025?
A) New Delhi, India
B) Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
C) Abu Dhabi, UAE
D) Doha, Qatar
E) Istanbul, Turkey
Answer: C) Abu Dhabi, UAE

Event and Location:

• Event: 1st Raisina Middle East Conference
• Date: 28-29 January 2025
• Location: Abu Dhabi, UAE

Significance of the Raisina Middle East Conference:

• Strengthening India-UAE Relations: The event focused on strategic partnerships and economic cooperation between India and the UAE.
• Regional and Global Discussions: Covered geopolitical and geoeconomic issues in the Middle East.
• Enhancing Trade & Investment: Aimed at boosting trade, economic ties, and regional integration.

Key Highlights of the Conference:

• Chief Guest: External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar
• Organized by:
  • Observer Research Foundation (ORF), India
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs, UAE
  • Indian Ministry of External Affairs

Discussions at the Event:

• India’s economic growth and global role
• Geopolitical stability in the Middle East
• Investment, trade, and infrastructure partnerships
• India’s diplomatic and strategic engagements in the region

India-Middle East Trade and Strategic Ties:

• India-Gulf Trade: $160-$180 billion
• India-Mediterranean Trade: $80 billion
• Key Indian Projects in the Middle East:
  • Airports, ports, railways
  • Phosphates, green hydrogen, steel, and submarine cables
• People-to-People Connections:
  • 9 million Indians in the Gulf region
  • 0.5 million Indians in the Mediterranean region

India-UAE Relations and Future Vision:

• India-UAE Strategic Ties: Based on trust, credibility, and mutual economic growth.
• Key Meeting: Jaishankar met Anwar Gargash, Diplomatic Advisor to the UAE President to discuss strengthening the India-UAE partnership.
• India’s Global Vision:
  • Deepening Middle East engagements
  • Plurilateral cooperation on connectivity and maritime security
  • Positioning the Gulf as a gateway to Africa, Europe, and Central Asia

Why Abu Dhabi Was Chosen?

• UAE is a key Middle East partner for India and the 3rd largest trading partner (2023-24) after China & the U.S.
• Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) signed in May 2022 to boost trade and investment.
• Strategic sectors of cooperation include energy, security, technology, and digital economy.

Dr. S. Jaishankar’s UAE Visit (27-29 January 2025):

• Met UAE President Sheikh Mohamed Bin Zayed
• Held discussions with Deputy PM & FM Sheikh Abdullah Bin Zayed
• Met Abu Dhabi Crown Prince Sheikh Khaled Bin Mohamed Bin Zayed
• Attended India’s 76th Republic Day celebrations in Abu Dhabi (27 January 2025)
  • Chief Guest: Sheikh Abdullah Bin Zayed (UAE Deputy PM & FM)

Tabular Summary:

---

8. Which country became the first African nation to eliminate onchocerciasis as a public health threat?
A) Nigeria
B) Ghana
C) Niger
D) Ethiopia
E) Kenya
Answer: C) Niger

Event and Location:

• Event: Niger becomes the first African country to eliminate onchocerciasis
• Date: January 30, 2025
• Location: Niger

Significance of Niger’s Achievement:

• First in Africa to Eliminate Onchocerciasis: Niger joins Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, and Mexico as the only countries globally to eliminate the disease.
• Major Public Health Victory: This marks a breakthrough for neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) in Africa.
• Global Recognition by WHO: The World Health Organization (WHO) verified Niger’s success in eliminating river blindness.

About Onchocerciasis (River Blindness):

• Caused by: Parasitic worm Onchocerca volvulus, transmitted by infected blackflies.
• Symptoms: Severe itching, skin rashes, and blindness in extreme cases.
• Impact: Second leading infectious cause of blindness globally, primarily affecting rural communities near fast-flowing rivers.

How Niger Achieved This Historic Milestone:

• 1976: Joined WHO’s Onchocerciasis Control Programme (OCP), focusing on aerial insecticide spraying to reduce blackfly populations.
• 1995: Participated in African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC), shifting to community-driven Ivermectin treatment.
• 2014: Disease prevalence dropped from 60% to 0.02%, paving the way for elimination.
• 2025: WHO officially declared Niger free of onchocerciasis.

Key Strategies Used for Elimination:

• Mass Drug Administration (MDA): Distribution of Ivermectin, a drug donated by Merck & Co.
• Vector Control Measures: Aerial spraying of insecticides to control blackflies.
• Community Participation: Local-led treatment programs ensuring sustainable health interventions.

Impact on Public Health in Africa:

• Model for Other African Nations: Niger’s success serves as a blueprint for other African countries still battling onchocerciasis.
• Stronger Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) Control: Highlights the importance of sustained public health interventions.
• Encouragement for International Collaboration: Demonstrates how global health partnerships can achieve disease elimination goals.

Tabular Summary:

---

9. What is the theme of the BRICS Youth Council Entrepreneurship Working Group Meeting in 2025?
A) Innovation for a Digital Future
B) Youth Entrepreneurship for Sustainable Growth
C) Strengthening Global Trade Relations
D) Economic Collaboration for Future Growth
E) Emerging Technologies in Business
Answer: B) Youth Entrepreneurship for Sustainable Growth

Event and Location:

• Event: BRICS Youth Council Entrepreneurship Working Group Meeting
• Date: March 3 to 7, 2025
• Location: India

Significance of the BRICS Youth Entrepreneurship Meet:

• Strengthening Global Entrepreneurial Collaboration: The event aims to connect young entrepreneurs from BRICS nations to promote innovation and business growth.
• Fostering Sustainable Development: The discussions will focus on sustainability-driven entrepreneurship within the BRICS framework.
• India’s Leadership in Youth Development: As the host nation, India is taking a lead role in shaping BRICS youth entrepreneurship policies.

Objectives of the BRICS Youth Entrepreneurship Meeting:

• Establish the BRICS Youth Council’s Entrepreneurship Working Group as a permanent initiative.
• Align entrepreneurship strategies across BRICS nations.
• Develop innovative engagement formats to boost international entrepreneurial cooperation.
• Connect young entrepreneurs to global market opportunities.
• Encourage youth participation in economic and trade activities within BRICS.

Run-Up Events Organized in India:

• Completed Events:
  • Miranda House, Delhi University – January 15, 2025
  • Mata Sundri College for Women, Delhi – January 17, 2025
  • IIM Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir – January 24, 2025
  • NFSU, Gandhinagar, Gujarat – January 28, 2025
• Upcoming Events:
  • KIIT, Odisha – February 4, 2025
  • IIT Guwahati, Assam – February 7, 2025
  • IISc, Bangalore, Karnataka – February 11, 2025

Why is the BRICS Youth Entrepreneurship Meeting Significant?

• BRICS accounts for 42% of the world’s population, 27% of global GDP, and 16% of international trade.
• The BRICS Youth Council was launched in 2023 at the South Africa Youth Summit to promote education, innovation, entrepreneurship, and health initiatives.
• This meeting will provide a roadmap for youth-led business expansion and cooperation across Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa.

Tabular Summary:

---

National Affairs – Daily Current Affairs February 01 & 02

10. What is the revised ex-mill price of ethanol derived from C Heavy Molasses (CHM) for ESY 2024-25 under the Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) Programme?
A) ₹56.58 per litre
B) ₹57.97 per litre
C) ₹58.50 per litre
D) ₹60.00 per litre
E) ₹55.00 per litre
Answer: B) ₹57.97 per litre

Event and Location:

• Event: Cabinet approval of ethanol procurement price revision under the Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) Programme.
• Location: Nationwide (India).

Mandates and Objectives:

• Mandates:
  • Revise the administered ex-mill price of ethanol derived from C Heavy Molasses (CHM).
  • Promote ethanol blending up to 20% in petrol by ESY 2025-26, ahead of the previous target of 2030.
  • Enhance ethanol distillation and blending capacity in line with the “Roadmap for Ethanol Blending in India 2020-25.”
• Objectives:
  • Reduce Crude Oil Imports: Substitute crude oil with ethanol to reduce energy import dependency.
  • Save Foreign Exchange: Achieve quantifiable savings in forex; ₹1,13,007 crore saved over the past decade.
  • Boost Domestic Agriculture: Provide better remuneration to sugarcane farmers by creating demand for molasses-based ethanol.
  • Environmental Benefits: Promote cleaner and greener alternative fuels to reduce carbon emissions.
  • Achieve Energy Self-Reliance: Align with Atmanirbhar Bharat by enhancing domestic production capacity for ethanol.

Key Highlights of the Programme:

1. Revised Ethanol Price:
   • New ex-mill price for ethanol derived from C Heavy Molasses (CHM): ₹57.97 per litre (increased from ₹56.58).
   • Represents a 3% increase to ensure sufficient ethanol supply for blending targets.
2. Blending Progress:
   • Ethanol blending in petrol increased from 38 crore litres (ESY 2013-14) to 707 crore litres (ESY 2023-24).
   • Achieved an average blending rate of 14.60% in ESY 2023-24.
   • Target of 18% blending for ESY 2024-25.
3. Advancement of 20% Blending Target:
   • Original target for 20% ethanol blending was 2030, now advanced to ESY 2025-26.
   • Public “Roadmap for Ethanol Blending in India 2020-25” aligns with this accelerated goal.
4. Economic Benefits:
   • Over the last decade, ethanol blending led to:
     • Crude oil substitution: 193 lakh metric tonnes.
     • Foreign exchange savings: ₹1,13,007 crore.
   • Additional investments in ethanol distillation plants, logistics, and storage facilities.
5. Infrastructure Enhancements:
   • Increased ethanol distillation capacity to 1713 crore litres per annum.
   • Initiatives include Long-Term Off-Take Agreements (LTOAs), dedicated ethanol plants (DEPs), and multi-feed distilleries.
   • Availability of E-20 and E-100 fuels, and promotion of flex-fuel vehicles.
6. Wider Impacts:
   • Accelerates Atmanirbhar Bharat goals by reducing dependency on imported fuel.
   • Benefits sugarcane farmers with better pricing and faster payment cycles.
   • Environmental and economic gains through cleaner fuel and reduced emissions.

Important Terms Explained:

• Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) Programme:
  • A government initiative to blend ethanol with petrol to reduce fossil fuel dependency and promote renewable energy sources.
• C Heavy Molasses (CHM):
  • A by-product of sugar production used for ethanol extraction. Ethanol derived from CHM is cost-effective and widely used in blending programs.
• Ex-Mill Price:
  • The price at which ethanol is sold by manufacturers (distilleries) to Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) before additional taxes and transportation costs.
• Flex-Fuel Vehicles:
  • Vehicles capable of running on a blend of ethanol and petrol, offering flexibility in fuel choice.
• Long-Term Off-Take Agreements (LTOAs):
  • Contracts between OMCs and ethanol producers to ensure a stable supply of ethanol for blending programs.

Tabular Summary:

---

11. What is the primary objective of the ‘SwaRail’ SuperApp launched by Indian Railways?
A) To introduce a new railway ticketing system
B) To integrate multiple railway services into a single platform
C) To replace all railway employees with AI-based automation
D) To provide entertainment services on train journeys
E) To introduce a new railway pricing model
Answer: B) To integrate multiple railway services into a single platform

Event and Location:

• Event: Launch of the ‘SwaRail’ SuperApp for railway services integration
• Date: January 31, 2025
• Location: India

Significance of the ‘SwaRail’ SuperApp:

• All-in-One Railway Services: The app integrates multiple services such as ticket booking, PNR inquiry, platform booking, food ordering, and complaint lodging.
• Eliminates Multiple Apps: The app reduces device storage usage by replacing multiple railway applications.
• User Convenience: Provides a seamless and unified experience for Indian Railways passengers.

Services Offered by ‘SwaRail’ SuperApp:

• Ticket Bookings: Supports both reserved and unreserved ticket reservations.
• Platform and Parcel Bookings: Allows users to book platform tickets and manage parcel services.
• Train and PNR Inquiries: Offers real-time updates on train schedules and Passenger Name Record (PNR) statuses.
• Food Ordering: Enables passengers to order meals during their journey.
• Rail Madad: Serves as a grievance redressal platform for complaints and assistance requests.

How to Participate in Beta Testing?

• The app is currently in beta testing and available for download on the Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
• Existing users of RailConnect or UTS Mobile App can log in using their current credentials.
• New users can register with minimal data entry requirements.
• User feedback will help refine the app before its official public launch.

Unique Features of ‘SwaRail’ SuperApp:

• Single Sign-On: One set of credentials for accessing all railway services.
• Integrated Services: A unified platform displaying PNR status along with train details.
• User-Friendly Onboarding: Quick registration process for new users.
• Secure Login Options: Includes m-PIN and biometric authentication for enhanced security.

Tabular Summary:

---

12. What is the theme of the Sci-Fi Science Film Festival of India in 2025?
A) Artificial Intelligence and Robotics
B) Space Exploration
C) Green Revolution
D) Digital India
E) Future of Biotechnology
Answer: C) Green Revolution

Event and Location:

• Event: Sci-Fi Science Film Festival of India
• Date: January 30, 2025
• Location: Panaji, Goa

Significance of the Sci-Fi Science Film Festival:

• Promoting Science & Innovation: The festival aims to inspire young minds and encourage scientific exploration.
• Honoring Dr. M. Swaminathan: The event is dedicated to the renowned scientist known for his contributions to agriculture and sustainability.
• Fostering Scientific Curiosity: Encourages students to engage in science and contribute to India’s future.

Key Highlights of the Event:

• Inaugurated by: Goa Chief Minister Pramod Sawant
• Organized by:
  • Vidnyan Parishad Goa
  • Goa Science & Technology Department
• Festival Duration: 4-day event
• Theme: “Green Revolution” – focuses on sustainability and environmental awareness.
• Dignitaries Present:
  • Dr. Soumya Swaminathan (Scientist)
  • Harilal Menon (Vice-Chancellor, Goa University)
  • Prasad Rangnekar (President, Vidnyan Parishad Goa)
• Tribute to Dr. M. Swaminathan:
  • Known as the “Father of the Green Revolution in India”.
  • His work in agricultural science helped India achieve food security.

Goa as a Hub for Scientific Research:

• Key Scientific Institutions in Goa:
  • IIT Goa
  • NIT Goa
  • National Institute of Oceanography (NIO)
  • National Forensic Sciences University

Festival’s Legacy and Origin:

• Conceptualized by late Manohar Bhai Parrikar and Jayantrao Sahasrabuddhe.
• Aims to combine science, cinema, and education to inspire youth.

CM Sawant’s Vision for ‘Viksit Bharat’:

• Encouraging youth participation in science and research.
• Promoting STEM careers for national development.

Tabular Summary:

---

13. Which state has received its first-ever Ramsar site in 2025 along with Jharkhand?
A) Assam
B) Sikkim
C) Kerala
D) Rajasthan
E) Odisha
Answer: B) Sikkim

Event and Location:

• Event: India adds four new Ramsar wetlands, increasing the total to 89
• Date: February 1, 2025
• Location: India

Significance of the New Ramsar Wetlands:

• Increased Wetland Conservation: With these additions, India now has 89 Ramsar sites, reinforcing its commitment to wetland conservation.
• First Ramsar Recognition for Jharkhand & Sikkim: Udhwa Lake in Jharkhand and a wetland in Sikkim have been designated as Ramsar sites for the first time.
• Ecological Importance: These wetlands provide habitats for migratory birds and wildlife while supporting local biodiversity and water conservation.

Four Newly Added Ramsar Wetlands in India:

1. Udhwa Lake, Jharkhand – Jharkhand’s first Ramsar site, rich in biodiversity.
2. Sikkim’s First Ramsar Site – Recognized for its unique Himalayan ecosystem.
3. A Wetland in Gujarat – Strengthens Gujarat’s environmental conservation efforts.
4. A Wetland in Northeast India – Highlights the ecological significance of the region.

How Do These New Wetland Sites Contribute to India’s Environmental Goals?

• Enhancing Conservation Efforts: The Ramsar designation ensures better protection and management of these wetlands.
• Boosting Eco-Tourism: Increased international recognition can lead to sustainable tourism opportunities.
• Supporting Scientific Research: Facilitates wetland biodiversity studies and conservation projects.

India’s Growing Ramsar List and Conservation Efforts:

• India now has 89 Ramsar sites, up from 85 previously.
• Ramsar designations align with India’s environmental policies to protect wetlands and promote sustainable management.

What is the Ramsar Convention?

• An international treaty adopted on February 2, 1971, in Ramsar, Iran.
• Came into force for India on February 1, 1982.
• Recognizes wetlands of international importance and promotes conservation and sustainable use.

Tabular Summary:

---

14. Which fund will provide the Rs 3,027.86 crore allocated for disaster mitigation projects?
A) National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF)
B) State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF)
C) National Disaster Mitigation Fund (NDMF)
D) Prime Minister’s Relief Fund
E) Contingency Reserve Fund
Answer: C) National Disaster Mitigation Fund (NDMF)

Event and Location:

• Event: Centre approves Rs 3,027.86 crore for disaster mitigation projects
• Date: February 1, 2025
• Location: India

Significance of the Disaster Mitigation Allocation:

• Strengthening India’s Disaster Preparedness: Funds will be used to reduce risks from droughts, lightning, and forest fires.
• Largest Allocation for Drought-Prone Areas: 12 states to benefit from Rs 2,022.16 crore for drought mitigation.
• First-of-its-Kind Lightning Safety Program: 10 states to receive Rs 186.78 crore to prevent lightning-related deaths.
• Forest Fire Management Plan: 19 states will share Rs 818.92 crore to manage 144 high-risk districts.

Key Highlights of the Allocation:

• Approved by: High-Level Committee (HLC) chaired by Union Home Minister Amit Shah.
• Committee Members:
  • Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman
  • Agriculture Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan
  • Vice Chairman of NITI Aayog

Breakdown of Allocated Funds:

• Drought-Prone Areas Mitigation:
  • Total Cost: Rs 2,022.16 crore
  • Central Share: Rs 1,200 crore
  • States Covered (12):
    • Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh
• Lightning Safety Mitigation:
  • Total Cost: Rs 186.78 crore
  • States Covered (10):
    • Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal
• Forest Fire Risk Management:
  • Total Cost: Rs 818.92 crore
  • Central Share: Rs 690.63 crore
  • Districts Covered: 144 high-priority districts
  • States Covered (19):
    • Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Manipur, Maharashtra, Mizoram, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Uttarakhand

Previous Disaster Risk Mitigation Approvals:

• Urban Flood Risk Mitigation: Rs 3,075.65 crore for 7 major cities.
• Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) Risk Mitigation: Rs 150 crore for 4 states.
• Landslide Risk Mitigation: Rs 1,000 crore for 15 states.

Financial Assistance Released to States:

• State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF): Rs 17,479.60 crore (27 states).
• National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF): Rs 4,808.30 crore (18 states).
• State Disaster Mitigation Fund (SDMF): Rs 1,973.55 crore (13 states).
• National Disaster Mitigation Fund (NDMF): Rs 719.72 crore (8 states).

Government’s Vision for a Disaster-Resilient India:

• Aligned with PM Narendra Modi’s vision of a disaster-resilient India.
• Funds will strengthen state capacities for disaster preparedness and mitigation.
• Focus on reducing loss of life and economic damage due to natural disasters.

Tabular Summary:

---

15. What is the total allocation for the Railway Budget 2025?
A) ₹2.45 lakh crore
B) ₹2.52 lakh crore
C) ₹2.65 lakh crore
D) ₹2.75 lakh crore
E) ₹2.85 lakh crore
Answer: C) ₹2.65 lakh crore

Event and Location:

• Event: Announcement of the Railway Budget 2025
• Date: February 1, 2025
• Location: India

Significance of the Railway Budget 2025:

• Sustained Investment in Infrastructure: The budget maintains last year’s allocation of ₹2.65 lakh crore to continue capital expenditure on rail expansion.
• Emphasis on Electrification and Modernization: Indian Railways aims for 100% electrification and expansion of high-speed rail networks.
• Challenges in Customer Services and Freight Corridors: Declining investments in passenger amenities and freight corridors raise concerns.

Rail Budget 2025 Allocation and Expenditure:

• Total Budget Allocation: ₹2.65 lakh crore (unchanged from last year).
• Capital Expenditure (Capex): ₹2.52 lakh crore, including Public-Private Partnership (PPP) investments.
• FY 2024-25 Budget Utilization (till Jan 23, 2025): ₹2.09 lakh crore (79.33% utilization).
• Actual Expenditure for FY 2023-24: ₹2.45 lakh crore.

Major Infrastructure Projects Announced:

• New railway lines, track doubling, and quadrupling projects.
• Construction of flyovers, underpasses, and station redevelopment.
• Investment in rolling stock and modern signaling systems.

Concerns Over Declining Investments:

• Customer Amenities Budget Reduction:
  • FY 2024-25: ₹15,510 crore → Revised: ₹12,993.97 crore
  • FY 2025-26: ₹12,118.39 crore
• Freight Corridor Corporation Investment Cut:
  • FY 2024-25: ₹5,499 crore → FY 2025-26: ₹500 crore
  • Impact: Delays in logistics projects and freight transportation expansion.
• Reduction in Public Sector Unit (PSU) and Joint Venture Investments:
  • FY 2024-25: ₹27,570.77 crore → FY 2025-26: ₹22,444.33 crore
  • Impact: Slowdown in railway PSU modernization and new ventures.
• Railway’s Growth in Freight and Electrification:
  • Freight Capacity: Target of 1.6 billion tonnes by March 2025, making India the 2nd largest cargo railway network globally (after China).
  • Electrification Goal: 100% railway network electrification by FY 2025-26 to reduce the carbon footprint.

Bullet Train and High-Speed Rail Expansion:

• Indigenous Bullet Train Project: 280 kmph speed trains in collaboration with BEML and NHSRCL.
• Budget Allocations:
  • FY 2023-24: ₹18,295 crore
  • FY 2024-25: ₹21,000 crore
  • FY 2025-26: ₹19,000 crore
• Fleet Expansion:
  • 100 Amrit Bharat trains (non-AC).
  • 50 NAMO Bharat trains (130 kmph city connections).
  • 200 Vande Bharat trains (sleeper and chair car versions).
  • 17,500 general coaches (1,200 already manufactured).
• Revenue and Future Plans:
  • Passenger Revenue Target: ₹3 lakh crore in FY 2025-26 (first time in history).
  • Future Expansion Focus:
    • Metro and semi-high-speed rail connectivity.
    • Private investments via PPP models.
    • AI-based safety and monitoring systems.

Tabular Summary:

---

16. Which article of the Indian Constitution requires the government to present the Annual Financial Statement?
A) Article 110
B) Article 112
C) Article 266
D) Article 265
E) Article 280
Answer: B) Article 112

Event and Location:

• Event: Explanation of Government Budgeting Process and Constitutional Requirements
• Date: February 1, 2025
• Location: India

Significance of Government Budgeting:

• Legal Framework for Revenue and Expenditure: The budget ensures that tax collection and government spending follow constitutional rules.
• Financial Planning and Economic Stability: Budgeting allocates resources for development while maintaining fiscal discipline.
• Transparency and Accountability: The Parliamentary approval process ensures public accountability in financial management.

Key Constitutional Provisions for Budgeting:

• Article 112: Requires the President to lay before Parliament the Annual Financial Statement (Budget).
• Article 265: No tax shall be levied or collected except by the authority of law.
• Article 266: No expenditure can be made without legislative approval.

The Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act, 2003:

• Ensures fiscal discipline by controlling government deficits.
• Mandates the presentation of documents on fiscal policy and government expenditure along with the budget.

Key Budget Documents Presented in Parliament:

• Annual Financial Statement (AFS) – Article 112
• Demands for Grants (DG) – Article 113
• Appropriation Bill – Article 114(3)
• Finance Bill – Article 110(a)
• FRBM Act Mandated Documents:
  • Macro-Economic Framework Statement
  • Fiscal Policy Strategy Statement
  • Medium-Term Fiscal Policy Statement
  • Medium-Term Expenditure Framework Statement

Railway Budget and Union Budget Presentation:

• Until 2016: The Railway Budget was presented separately.
• Since 2017: The Railway Budget is merged with the Union Budget.
• Budget Presentation Date: February 1 each year (changed from the last working day of February in 2017).

Vote on Account:

• Temporary funding mechanism when the full budget is not passed before the new financial year.
• Provides short-term financial approval for government operations (usually two months).

Budget Speech Structure:

• Part A: General economic outlook and policy changes.
• Part B: Taxation proposals and revenue generation plans.

Tabular Summary:

---

17. Under the new tax regime in the Union Budget 2025, what is the tax rate for income between ₹8 lakh to ₹12 lakh?
A) Nil
B) 5%
C) 10%
D) 15%
E) 20%
Answer: C) 10%

Event and Location:

• Event: Union Budget 2025 Presentation
• Date: February 1, 2025
• Location: Parliament, New Delhi, India

Significance of the Union Budget 2025:

• Income Tax Relief: No tax on income up to ₹12 lakh, benefiting middle-class taxpayers.
• Infrastructure Boost: A ₹10 lakh crore asset monetization plan announced to fund new development projects.
• Agriculture and Rural Focus: PM Dhan Dhanya Krishi Yojana, Kisan Credit Card expansion, and Makhana Board for Bihar.

Key Tax-Related Announcements:

• New Income Tax Slabs (FY 2025-26) under the New Tax Regime:
• Income Range Tax Rate

• Tax Exemption on Income up to ₹12 lakh (including rebates and deductions).
• TDS on rent increased from ₹2.4 lakh to ₹6 lakh.
• Higher tax exemption for senior citizens – Interest income tax-free up to ₹1 lakh.
• Removal of TCS on remittances for education abroad.

Key Sectoral Announcements in Budget 2025:

1. Infrastructure & Economic Growth:
   • ₹10 lakh crore for the Asset Monetization Plan (2025-30).
   • ₹1.5 trillion allocated to states for capital expenditure.
   • ₹25,000 crore Maritime Development Fund (Govt. 49%, private sector 51%).
   • 100 GW Nuclear Energy Development Target by 2047.
2. Social Welfare & Employment:
   • Gig Workers’ Social Security Scheme: Identity cards & e-Shram portal registration.
   • Revamped PM SVANidhi Scheme: UPI-linked credit cards, increased bank loans.
   • 3 Centres of Excellence for AI in Education (₹500 crore investment).
3. MSME & Startup Support:
   • 45% of India’s exports come from MSMEs – additional incentives announced.
   • Kisan Credit Cards: Loan limit increased from ₹3 lakh to ₹5 lakh.
   • New Scheme for 5 lakh SC/ST Women Entrepreneurs – Loans up to ₹2 crore.
4. Agriculture & Rural Development:
   • PM Dhan Dhanya Krishi Yojana to improve productivity in 100 agricultural districts.
   • Makhana Board established in Bihar for production & processing.
   • Aatmanirbharta in Pulses: 6-year mission for self-sufficiency in Tur, Urad & Masoor dal.
   • National Mission on High-Yielding Seeds to boost farm productivity.
5. Healthcare & Education:
   • ₹98,311 crore allocated for Healthcare (up from ₹90,658 crore last year).
   • 10,000 new medical seats to be added in 2025, with a target of 75,000 in 5 years.
   • 200 cancer daycare centers to be set up in district hospitals within 3 years.
   • Jal Jeevan Mission extended till 2028 – 12 crore households already connected.

Tabular Summary:

---

18. What is the total expenditure allocated in the Union Budget 2025-26?
A) ₹45.75 lakh crore
B) ₹50.65 lakh crore
C) ₹52.30 lakh crore
D) ₹48.90 lakh crore
E) ₹55.20 lakh crore
Answer: B) ₹50.65 lakh crore

Event and Location:

• Event: Union Budget 2025-26 Presentation
• Date: February 1, 2025
• Location: Parliament, New Delhi, India

Significance of Union Budget 2025-26:

• Economic Growth Focus Massive capital investment in infrastructure, MSMEs, agriculture, and rural development.
• Fiscal Prudence Fiscal deficit targeted at 4.4% of GDP, showing commitment to financial discipline.
• Social Welfare Major spending on healthcare, education, rural development, and employment generation.

Key Financial Highlights of Budget 2025-26:

1. Revenue and Expenditure Overview:

Key Sector-Wise Allocations:

2. Agriculture & Rural Development:

• PM-KISAN ₹63,500 crore for farmers’ income support.
• Kisan Credit Card (KCC) Loan limit increased from ₹3 lakh to ₹5 lakh.
• Makhana Board in Bihar to boost production and processing.
• Aatmanirbharta in Pulses: 6-year mission for self-sufficiency in Tur, Urad, and Masoor dal.
• Jal Jeevan Mission (Rural Water Supply) ₹67,000 crore allocated.

3. MSME and Industrial Development:

• Revised MSME classification to expand investment and turnover limits.
• ₹1 lakh crore Urban Challenge Fund for redeveloping cities.
• ₹25,000 crore Maritime Development Fund (49% Govt, 51% Private).
• Focus Product Scheme for Leather, Footwear & Toys to enhance exports.
• National Institute of Food Technology & Entrepreneurship in Bihar.

4. Infrastructure & Transport:

• ₹1.5 lakh crore support for state capital expenditure.
• ₹5.48 lakh crore for Transport Infrastructure (Railways & Highways).
• ₹10 lakh crore Asset Monetization Plan (2025-30) to fund new projects.
• 100 GW Nuclear Energy Development Target by 2047.

5. Healthcare & Education:

• ₹98,311 crore for Healthcare (up from ₹90,658 crore last year).
• 10,000 new medical seats in 2025 (target 75,000 in 5 years).
• 200 Cancer Daycare Centers in district hospitals within 3 years.
• 3 AI Excellence Centers for Education with ₹500 crore investment.
• ₹1.28 lakh crore for Education, including Atal Tinkering Labs, IITs, and broadband in schools.

6. Tax Reforms & Financial Sector:

• No Tax Up to ₹12 Lakh Income under new tax regime.
• TDS on Rent Increased from ₹2.4 lakh to ₹6 lakh.
• Higher Senior Citizen Benefits – Interest income up to ₹1 lakh tax-free.
• 100% FDI in Insurance (from 74% to 100%).
• Grameen Credit Score for rural credit access.

How is the Government Funding These Expenses? (Revenue Sources)

Tabular Summary:

---

19. Which of the following items became cheaper after the Budget 2025 customs duty revision?
A) Interactive Flat Panel Displays
B) Surimi (Frozen Fish Paste)
C) Knitted Fabrics
D) Flat Panel Displays
E) Provisional Assessment Fees
Answer: B) Surimi (Frozen Fish Paste)

Event and Location:

• Event: Union Budget 2025 Presentation – Custom Duty Revisions
• Date: February 1, 2025
• Location: Parliament, New Delhi, India

Significance of Budget 2025 Customs Duty Changes:

• Lowering Costs Essential medicines, minerals, electronic goods, and EV components see price reductions.
• Boosting Manufacturing Tariff exemptions encourage domestic production of EV batteries, textiles, and leather goods.
• Streamlining Import Duties Seven tariff rates eliminated for simpler tax structures.
• Higher Taxes on Luxury Goods Increased customs duties on flat-panel displays and high-end tech products.

What Gets Cheaper in Budget 2025?

What Gets Costlier in Budget 2025?

Tabular Summary:

---

20. What is the total capital expenditure (Capex) allocation for FY 2025-26 in Union Budget 2025?
A) ₹10.18 lakh crore
B) ₹11.21 lakh crore
C) ₹13.18 lakh crore
D) ₹15.48 lakh crore
E) ₹9.50 lakh crore
Answer: B) ₹11.21 lakh crore

Event and Location:

• Event: Union Budget 2025-26 Presentation
• Date: February 1, 2025
• Location: Parliament of India, New Delhi

Key Highlights:

• Capex Allocation for FY26:
  • ₹11.21 lakh crore allocated for capital expenditure, marking a 0.9% increase from FY25’s ₹11.11 lakh crore.
  • Effective Capital Expenditure (Centre + States): ₹15.48 lakh crore.

Sector-Wise Allocation:

• Defense:
  • Total Allocation: ₹6.81 lakh crore (+9.53% YoY).
  • Capital Outlay: ₹1.92 lakh crore, with ₹48,614 crore for aircraft and aero engines and ₹24,390 crore for the naval fleet.
• Railways:
  • Unchanged Capex: ₹2.52 lakh crore.
  • Gross Budgetary Support: ₹2.52 lakh crore.
• Infrastructure Development:
  • 50-Year Interest-Free Loans to States: ₹1.5 lakh crore for state capital expenditures and reforms.
  • 2nd Asset Monetization Plan (2025-30): Target to plough back ₹10 lakh crore in new projects.

Revised Capex Estimates:

• FY25 Revised Estimate: ₹10.18 lakh crore (lower than Budget Estimate of ₹15.01 lakh crore).
• FY24 Revised Estimate: ₹9.50 lakh crore (previous estimate: ₹10 lakh crore).
• FY23 Revised Estimate: ₹7.28 lakh crore.

Key Initiatives:

• Urban Challenge Fund: ₹1 lakh crore for city redevelopment, water management, and sanitation.
• PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana: Focused on agricultural productivity and crop diversification across 100 districts.
• Viability Gap Funding (VGF): To encourage private sector investment in infrastructure.

Analysis of Budget Impact:

• Growth-Oriented Spending:
  • Sustained focus on infrastructure-driven growth with significant allocations to railways, urban redevelopment, and defense.
  • Healthcare: ₹98,311 crore allocated, a 9.78% YoY increase.
  • Education: ₹1,28,650 crore allocated (+6.6% YoY).
• Balancing Fiscal Prudence:
  • Fiscal Deficit Target: 4.4% of GDP (₹15.69 lakh crore).
  • Emphasis on Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) to stimulate private investment while maintaining fiscal discipline.

Tabular Summary of Key Details:

---

---

Over All Review

DOWNLOAD TODAY’S CURRENT AFFAIRS PDF – CLICK HERE

You Must Also Read Daily Current Affairs January 01