Daily Current Affairs January 31

Dear Champions, as you all know that a lot of competitive exams have been notified consequently. Candidates have to prepare themselves according to the level of competition and expectation of the Recruitment board. Regarding that one of the most important topic is Daily Current Affairs January 31. Current Affairs in the form of contemporary events of national & international play a crucial role in almost every competitive exams like Banking, Insurance, SSC, UPSC, TNPSC, Railway etc.

Current affairs are the most dynamic yet scoring among all sections and need to be prepared from the right source. Here, we cafunsta team, providing Daily GK Updates, Current Affairs Questions, and Monthly current affairs pdf.

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January 31 | Daily Current Affairs 2024

Important Days – Daily Current Affairs January 31

1. When is World Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) Day observed every year?
A) January 25
B) January 28
C) January 30
D) February 1
E) February 5
Answer: C) January 30

Event and Location:

• Event: World Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) Day 2025 observed to raise awareness and accelerate efforts toward NTD elimination
• Date: January 30, 2025
• Location: Global

Mandates and Objectives of World NTDs Day:

• Raises awareness about Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) affecting 1.7 billion people globally
• Highlights the need for global collaboration, strategic action, and elimination efforts
• Marks the launch of the first WHO roadmap for NTDs and the 2012 London Declaration on NTDs

Understanding Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs):

• A group of 20 debilitating diseases primarily affecting the poor in tropical and subtropical regions
• Includes diseases like Chagas disease, dengue, leprosy, and schistosomiasis
• Causes significant health, economic, and social burdens due to lack of awareness and funding

Progress in NTD Elimination:

• 50 countries have eliminated at least one NTD as of 2023
• Between 2010 and 2020, 600 million fewer people required NTD interventions
• Despite progress, COVID-19 caused delays in treatment campaigns and diverted resources

World NTDs Day 2025 Theme:

• Theme: “Unite. Act. Eliminate.”
• Unite: Bringing together governments, organizations, and communities for a collective fight against NTDs
• Act: Implementing effective strategies and interventions to combat these diseases
• Eliminate: Strengthening progress and accelerating efforts to eradicate NTDs

Sustainable Financing for NTDs:

• Lack of long-term funding is a major challenge in NTD elimination
• President Embaló of Guinea-Bissau has advocated for increased investment in NTD programs
• The COVID-19 pandemic exposed the fragility of NTD programs, emphasizing the need for financial resilience

Impact of COVID-19 on NTD Programs:

• Disruptions in treatment campaigns and reallocation of healthcare resources delayed progress
• Supply chain disruptions affected the availability of essential medicines and diagnostics
• Post-pandemic recovery efforts focus on restoring services and strengthening healthcare systems

The Chagas Global Coalition’s Role:

• ChagatChat initiative provides a virtual platform for discussions on Chagas disease and NTD challenges
• Actively advocates for policy support and increased funding for NTD elimination
• Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, remains one of the most neglected diseases globally

Future of NTD Elimination:

• The WHO roadmap for NTDs targets their control, elimination, and eradication by 2030
• Requires stronger global collaboration, innovative research, and policy support
• Investing in new diagnostics, treatments, and vaccines is key to accelerating elimination efforts

Important Terms Explained:

• Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs):
  • A group of 20 infectious diseases affecting 1.7 billion people, mainly in poor tropical regions
  • Includes dengue, leprosy, schistosomiasis, Chagas disease, and others
  • Causes severe health issues, disability, and economic burdens
• London Declaration on NTDs (2012):
  • A global health commitment signed by governments, NGOs, and private partners
  • Aims to control, eliminate, and eradicate NTDs through funding and coordinated action

WHO Roadmap for NTDs:

• A strategic plan to combat NTDs, targeting elimination and eradication by 2030
• Focuses on strengthening health systems, increasing research, and expanding treatment access

Chagas Disease:

• A parasitic infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, primarily affecting Latin America
• Can cause heart and digestive complications if left untreated
• One of the most neglected tropical diseases globally

Tabular Summary:

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Ranking – Daily Current Affairs January 31

2. Which of the following Indian women was included in the Forbes 50 Over 50 Global list (2025)?
A) Nirmala Sitharaman
B) Sudha Murthy
C) Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw
D) Indra Nooyi
E) Roshni Nadar
Answer: C) Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw

Event and Location:

• Event: Three Indian women featured in the Forbes 50 Over 50 Global list (2025)
• Date: January 27, 2025
• Location: Global recognition by Forbes

What is the Forbes 50 Over 50 List?

• A global recognition platform honoring entrepreneurs, investors, activists, and high achievers aged 50 and above
• Aims to highlight women who continue to create impact later in life

Three Indians Featured in the List:

1. Urmila Asher (Founder, Gujju Ben na Nasta, 80 years old)
   • Launched a cloud kitchen business at 75 during the COVID-19 pandemic
   • Became a TEDx speaker, YouTuber, and former MasterChef India contestant
   • Built a loyal following on social media
2. Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw (Biocon Founder, Billionaire, 71 years old)
   • Founder of Biocon India (1978), transforming it into a global biopharmaceutical company
   • Net worth: $3.6 billion (as per Forbes)
   • Philanthropist, funding cancer research and city infrastructure projects in Bengaluru
3. Sheela Patel (Activist & Urban Housing Advocate, 72 years old)
   • Co-founder of SPARC (Society for Promotion of Area Resource Centres, Mumbai)
   • Works on housing rights for slum dwellers and informal settlements
   • Co-founded Slum Dwellers International, working in 33 countries

Significance of the Recognition:

• Highlights India’s leadership in diverse fields (Entrepreneurship, Social Work, Food Business)
• Encourages women empowerment and late-stage entrepreneurship
• Showcases inspirational success stories beyond conventional career paths

Important Terms Explained:

• Forbes 50 Over 50 List:
  • An annual recognition by Forbes
  • Honors women above 50 who are shaping industries, businesses, and communities
• Biocon:
  • India’s leading biopharmaceutical company, founded by Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw in 1978
  • Specializes in affordable medicines and biotechnology research
• SPARC (Society for Promotion of Area Resource Centres):
  • Founded in 1984 by Sheela Patel
  • Focuses on housing and urban development for low-income communities

Tabular Summary:

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Banking and Finance – Daily Current Affairs January 31

3. From February 1, 2025, what change has NPCI implemented in UPI transaction IDs?
A) Increasing the length of transaction IDs
B) Allowing only numeric transaction IDs
C) Banning special characters and allowing only alphanumeric IDs
D) Requiring all transaction IDs to start with a bank code
E) Introducing emojis in transaction IDs
Answer: C) Banning special characters and allowing only alphanumeric IDs

Event and Location:

• Event: NPCI mandates stricter UPI rules banning special characters in transaction IDs
• Date: February 1, 2025
• Location: India

Mandates and Objectives of the New UPI Rules:

• NPCI has banned special characters (@, #, $, %, etc.) in UPI transaction IDs
• Only alphanumeric transaction IDs will be allowed from February 1, 2025
• Transactions with special characters will be automatically rejected

Reasons for Banning Special Characters in UPI IDs:

• Enhances security by preventing fraud and inconsistencies in transaction processing
• Ensures uniformity across banks, payment service providers, and fintech platforms
• Reduces errors that may occur due to non-standard transaction ID formats

Background of NPCI’s Advisory:

• In March 2024, NPCI advised UPI participants to use only alphanumeric characters
• Many banks and fintech companies did not comply, prompting a mandatory enforcement from February 2025

Growth of UPI Transactions:

• 16.73 billion UPI transactions were recorded in December 2024, marking an 8% increase from the previous month
• As UPI adoption grows, standardization of transaction IDs is necessary for seamless and secure processing

Impact on Banks and Payment Providers:

• Banks, fintech firms, and UPI service providers must update their systems to comply with NPCI’s directive
• Failure to comply may result in transaction failures and customer dissatisfaction
• The rule ensures a smoother, faster, and more secure digital payment ecosystem

Important Terms Explained:

• Unified Payments Interface (UPI):
  • A real-time payment system developed by NPCI, enabling instant bank-to-bank transfers
  • Used for P2P, merchant payments, and online transactions across multiple apps
• National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI):
  • Regulates and develops India’s digital payments infrastructure, including UPI, RuPay, and IMPS
  • Ensures secure, fast, and efficient digital transactions across banking networks
• Alphanumeric Transaction ID:
  • A unique identifier containing only letters (A-Z) and numbers (0-9), eliminating the use of special characters
  • Helps in seamless processing, fraud prevention, and standardization

Tabular Summary:

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4. What is the maximum annual increase in health insurance premiums for senior citizens allowed without IRDAI approval?
A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 15%
D) 20%
E) No limit
Answer: B) 10%

Event and Location:

• Event: IRDAI caps annual health insurance premium hikes for senior citizens at 10% without prior approval
• Date: January 31, 2025
• Location: India

Mandates and Objectives of the New IRDAI Regulation:

• Health insurance premiums for policyholders aged 60 and above cannot be increased by more than 10% annually without IRDAI approval
• Ensures affordability and predictability of health insurance costs for senior citizens
• Effective immediately, providing financial relief for elderly policyholders

Why Did IRDAI Introduce This Rule?

• Senior citizens often face steep premium hikes upon renewal, making health insurance unaffordable
• Many elderly individuals rely on fixed incomes, leading to financial strain due to rising healthcare costs
• The regulation prevents unexpected financial burdens on senior citizens while ensuring continued access to healthcare

New Rules for Insurance Companies:

• Prior approval required from IRDAI for any premium hike exceeding 10% annually
• Insurers cannot withdraw senior citizen-specific health policies without IRDAI consent
• Encourages standardization of hospital rates, similar to Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY), to reduce treatment costs
• Transparency measures must be implemented to inform policyholders about any changes or benefits

Impact on Senior Citizens and the Insurance Industry:

• For Senior Citizens:
  • More predictable and affordable health insurance premiums
  • Reduces financial strain and ensures continued healthcare coverage
  • Standardized hospital rates may help control hospitalization costs
• For the Insurance Industry:
  • Insurers must reassess risk calculations and pricing models
  • Ensures consumer protection while maintaining industry sustainability
  • Promotes fair pricing practices and regulatory compliance

Important Terms Explained:

• IRDAI (Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India):
  • Regulates and oversees India’s insurance sector to protect policyholders
  • Ensures fair pricing, consumer protection, and financial stability in the insurance industry
• Health Insurance Premium:
  • The amount paid by a policyholder to an insurance company for health coverage
  • Can increase upon renewal based on age, claims history, and medical inflation
• Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY):
  • A government health insurance scheme providing free treatment for economically weaker sections
  • Includes standardized hospital package rates to control medical costs

Tabular Summary:

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Business and Economy – Daily Current Affairs January 31

5. Tata Steel has become the first Indian company to develop pipes for transporting which clean energy source?
A) Natural Gas
B) Hydrogen
C) Biogas
D) Ammonia
E) Ethanol
Answer: B) Hydrogen

Event and Location:

• Event: Tata Steel develops India’s first hydrogen-compliant transport pipes
• Date: January 31, 2025
• Location: India

Mandates and Objectives of Hydrogen-Compliant Pipes:

• Tata Steel has developed API X65 hydrogen-compliant pipes for safe and efficient hydrogen transportation
• The pipes are designed to withstand 100% gaseous hydrogen under high pressure (100 bar)
• This innovation supports India’s National Hydrogen Mission and the global transition to clean energy

Tata Steel’s Manufacturing and Innovation:

• The pipes were processed at Tata Steel’s Khopoli plant using steel from its Kalinganagar facility
• Tata Steel is the first Indian company to manufacture hot-rolled steel for hydrogen transportation
• Successfully tested ERW (Electric Resistance Welded) pipes for hydrogen transportation

Significance of Hydrogen Transportation in India:

• Aligns with India’s clean energy goals and supports green hydrogen production and export
• Hydrogen demand is expected to rise from 2026-27, with a projected need of 350,000 tonnes of steel over 5-7 years
• India aims to produce 5 million metric tonnes (MMT) of green hydrogen annually by 2030, scaling up to 10 MMT

Advantages of Steel Pipelines for Hydrogen Transport:

• Cost-effective and efficient for large-scale hydrogen distribution
• Designed to handle high pressure and corrosion resistance
• Enables safe and reliable transportation for industries, power generation, and manufacturing

Tata Steel’s Commitment to Innovation and Sustainability:

• Continues to develop advanced steel grades for critical energy infrastructure
• Actively contributes to India’s National Hydrogen Mission
• Ready to meet domestic and global demand for hydrogen-compliant pipes

Future of Hydrogen in India:

• India is building a hydrogen economy with a focus on production, storage, transportation, and utilization
• Collaboration between government, private sector, and research institutions is essential
• Significant investments are needed in R&D, infrastructure, and policy support to scale up hydrogen distribution

Important Terms Explained:

• National Hydrogen Mission:
  • Launched by the Indian government to make India a global hub for green hydrogen production and export
  • Aims to produce 5 MMT of green hydrogen annually by 2030 and reduce carbon emissions
• API X65 Pipes:
  • A specialized high-strength steel pipe designed for hydrogen transportation under high pressure
  • Manufactured and tested to withstand 100% gaseous hydrogen flow at 100 bar pressure
• ERW (Electric Resistance Welded) Pipes:
  • A type of welded steel pipe manufactured using high-frequency electric resistance
  • Used for oil, gas, and hydrogen transportation due to its high strength and durability

Tabular Summary:

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6. Which Indian company has become the first to secure DGCA acceptance for eVTOL certification?
A) HAL (Hindustan Aeronautics Limited)
B) Tata Advanced Systems
C) The ePlane Company
D) Mahindra Aerospace
E) Boeing India
Answer: C) The ePlane Company

Event and Location:

• Event: The ePlane Company becomes India’s first company to secure DGCA acceptance for eVTOL certification
• Date: January 20, 2025
• Location: Chennai, India

What is eVTOL?

• eVTOL (Electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing) aircraft are electric-powered air vehicles that take off and land vertically, enabling urban air mobility
• They are designed for short-distance transportation, reducing congestion in cities

Key Highlights of The ePlane Company’s Achievement:

• First private Indian company to receive DGCA acceptance for Type Certification of its eVTOL aircraft, the e200X
• Aims to launch commercial eVTOL services by 2026
• Targets moving over 500,000 people daily within three years

About The ePlane Company:

• Incubated at IIT Madras, specializing in electric aviation
• Founded by Satya Chakravarthy
• Received Design Organisation Approval from DGCA in May 2023
• Focuses on urban air mobility solutions with cost-effective local production

Features of the e200X eVTOL Aircraft:

1. Compact Wingspan:
   • Requires minimal infrastructure, making it suitable for urban deployment
2. Local Supply Chains:
   • Reduces production costs, making eVTOL services affordable
3. Sustainability & Safety:
   • Designed to meet DGCA safety and operational standards

Significance of This Certification:

• Paves the way for India’s eVTOL ecosystem
• Supports cleaner and more efficient urban transportation
• Encourages investment in electric aviation and smart mobility solutions

Important Terms Explained:

• eVTOL (Electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing) Aircraft:
  • Electric-powered aircraft that can take off and land vertically
  • Designed for short-distance urban transport
• DGCA (Directorate General of Civil Aviation):
  • Regulatory body for aviation safety in India
  • Oversees certification, safety, and operational guidelines for aircraft
• Type Certification:
  • Approval granted by aviation authorities to confirm an aircraft meets airworthiness and safety standards

Tabular Summary:

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Appointments – Daily Current Affairs January 31

7. Who has been appointed as the Director General (DG) of the Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS) under the Ministry of Civil Aviation?
A) Rakesh Asthana
B) Rajesh Nirwan
C) Subodh Kumar Jaiswal
D) Sanjay Arora
E) Kuldiep Singh
Answer: B) Rajesh Nirwan

Event and Location:

• Event: Appointment of Rajesh Nirwan as the Director General (DG) of BCAS
• Date: January 31, 2025
• Location: India

Mandates and Objectives of BCAS:

• BCAS is responsible for aviation security across India, ensuring compliance with international security standards
• Implements security measures for airports, airlines, and passengers to prevent unlawful interference
• Coordinates with global aviation security organizations to enhance aviation safety measures

Rajesh Nirwan’s Professional Journey:

• 1992-batch IPS officer from Rajasthan cadre with extensive law enforcement experience
• Served as Superintendent of Police in Jhalawar, Sawai Madhopur, Tonk, and Kota
• Deputy Inspector General (DIG) at the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) from 2007 to 2009
• Inspector General (IG) of Police in Ajmer Range from 2010 to 2012
• IG and Additional DG in the Border Security Force (BSF) from 2016 to 2023

Importance of Aviation Security in India:

• India’s aviation sector is rapidly expanding, making security measures crucial
• BCAS plays a key role in ensuring passenger safety, airport security, and airline compliance
• Nirwan’s experience in border security and law enforcement is expected to strengthen aviation security in India

Important Terms Explained:

• Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS):
  • Established in 1978 under the Ministry of Civil Aviation
  • Responsible for formulating and implementing security measures in civil aviation
  • Coordinates with international aviation security agencies
• Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC):
  • Approves appointments of top government officials, including IPS, IAS, and other key bureaucrats
  • Functions under the Prime Minister-led government framework

Tabular Summary:

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Awards – Daily Current Affairs January 31

8. At the IBA Banking Technology Awards 2024, Karnataka Bank was recognized in how many categories?
A) Four
B) Five
C) Six
D) Seven
E) Eight
Answer: C) Six

Event and Location:

• Event: Karnataka Bank wins six awards at the IBA Banking Technology Awards 2024
• Date: January 31, 2025
• Location: Bengaluru, India

Mandates and Objectives of the Awards:

• Recognizes excellence in banking technology and innovation
• Highlights digital transformation, fintech integration, and cybersecurity advancements

Categories in Which Karnataka Bank Was Recognized:

1. Best Tech Talent and Organisation – Runner Up
   • Focus on digital-first culture, training programs, and leadership development
2. Best IT Risk Management – Runner Up
   • Implemented Vulnerability Assessment (VA), Penetration Testing (PT), and AI-driven risk analytics
3. Best Technology Bank – Runner Up
   • Adopted cloud computing, AI/ML models, and Data Lake technology for digital banking
4. Best Fintech and Digital Payment Integration – Runner Up
   • Integrated Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC), UPI/IMPS with minimal failure rates
5. Best Digital Sales, Payments, and Engagement – Special Mention
   • AI-driven personalized banking and targeted customer engagement strategies
6. Best AI and ML Adoption – Special Mention
   • Implemented AI-powered chatbots, phone banking, and predictive analytics

Leadership’s Perspective:

• Srikrishnan H, MD & CEO of Karnataka Bank, credited the bank’s Technology Centre, Digital Centre of Excellence (DCoE), and Analytical Centre of Excellence (ACoE)
• Reaffirmed commitment to delivering best-in-class digital banking experiences

Past Recognitions of Karnataka Bank at IBA Awards:

• 2016: Runner Up in Best Risk and Fraud Management Initiative
• 2017: Winner in Best Financial Inclusion Initiatives and Runner Up in Best Use of Digital and Channels Technology

Important Terms Explained:

• IBA Banking Technology Awards:
  • Organized by the Indian Banks’ Association (IBA)
  • Recognizes excellence in banking technology, cybersecurity, and digital transformation
    AI & ML in Banking:
  • Artificial Intelligence (AI): Used for chatbots, fraud detection, and risk analytics
  • Machine Learning (ML): Enhances customer engagement, predictive analytics, and credit scoring

Fintech & Digital Payment Integration:

• CBDC (Central Bank Digital Currency): A digital version of the Indian Rupee
• UPI/IMPS Integration: Enables real-time, secure digital payments

Tabular Summary:

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Science and Technology – Daily Current Affairs January 31

9. Who is set to become the first Indian astronaut to pilot a space mission to the ISS?
A) Rakesh Sharma
B) Wing Commander Abhinandan Varthaman
C) Shubhanshu Shukla
D) Rajeshwari Chatterjee
E) Sunita Williams
Answer: C) Shubhanshu Shukla

Event and Location:

• Event: Shubhanshu Shukla to pilot Axiom Mission 4 (Ax-4) to the ISS
• Date: January 31, 2025
• Location: International Space Station (ISS)

What is Axiom Mission 4 (Ax-4)?

• Axiom Mission 4 (Ax-4) is a private spaceflight organized by Axiom Space in collaboration with NASA
• The mission will travel to the ISS for up to 14 days aboard the SpaceX Dragon capsule, launched on a Falcon 9 rocket
• The mission involves scientific research, cultural outreach, and microgravity experiments

Crew Members of Axiom Mission 4 (Ax-4):

• Peggy Whitson: Former NASA astronaut and mission commander
• Shubhanshu Shukla: Indian Air Force pilot and mission pilot
• Sławosz Uznański-Wiśniewski: Polish astronaut and mission specialist
• Tibor Kapu: Hungarian astronaut and mission specialist

Who is Shubhanshu Shukla?

• Born: October 10, 1985, in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
• Commissioned in the Indian Air Force (IAF) in 2006
• Over 2,000 flying hours on aircraft like Su-30 MKI, MiG-21, and MiG-29
• Trained at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Centre, Russia, as part of India’s Gaganyaan mission preparations
• Promoted to Group Captain in March 2024

Scientific and Cultural Goals of Shubhanshu Shukla’s Mission:

• Conducting scientific experiments in microgravity
• Cultural outreach by bringing Indian artifacts to the ISS
• Demonstrating yoga in space as part of India’s scientific and cultural contribution

Significance of the Mission for India:

• First time an Indian astronaut will pilot a mission to the ISS
• 40 years after Rakesh Sharma’s historic spaceflight, this mission highlights India’s growing role in global space exploration
• Strengthens India’s collaboration with private space agencies and international space programs

Important Terms Explained:

• Axiom Space:
  • A private space company developing commercial space missions and future space stations
  • Works in collaboration with NASA and SpaceX
• International Space Station (ISS):
  • A global space research laboratory orbiting Earth
  • Operated by NASA, Roscosmos, JAXA, ESA, and CSA
• SpaceX Dragon Capsule:
  • A reusable spacecraft developed by SpaceX
  • Used for human and cargo missions to the ISS

Tabular Summary:

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Defence – Daily Current Affairs January 31

10. During the 2nd High-Level Meeting (HLM) in January 2025, India and Indonesia renewed their MoU on Maritime Safety and Security Cooperation for how many years?
A) One year
B) Two years
C) Three years
D) Five years
E) Ten years
Answer: C) Three years

Event and Location:

• Event: India and Indonesia renew MoU on Maritime Safety and Security Cooperation
• Date: January 27, 2025
• Location: Coast Guard Headquarters, New Delhi, India

Key Highlights of the MoU Renewal:

• The Indian Coast Guard (ICG) and the Indonesian Coast Guard (BAKAMLA) renewed their Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) for three years
• Signed during the 2nd High-Level Meeting (HLM) between Director General ICG Paramesh Sivamani and BAKAMLA Chief Vice Admiral Irvansyah
• An eight-member Indonesian delegation visited India from January 24-28, 2025 as part of the MoU implementation

Areas of Cooperation Under the MoU:

1. Maritime Search and Rescue (SAR) – Strengthening joint efforts in sea rescue operations
2. Pollution Response – Enhancing capabilities in marine pollution management and response
3. Maritime Law Enforcement – Collaboration on anti-smuggling, illegal fishing, and maritime security enforcement
4. Exchange of Best Practices – Conducting joint exercises, training programs, and professional exchanges

Operational Deployment of ICG Ship Shaunak:

• ICG Ship Shaunak deployed to Jakarta from January 27-30, 2025
• Strengthens India-Indonesia maritime linkages and joint operational readiness

Significance of the Agreement:

• Reinforces India-Indonesia strategic maritime ties in the Indo-Pacific region
• Enhances regional security, maritime law enforcement, and pollution response mechanisms
• Strengthens bilateral cooperation to ensure a safe and secure maritime environment

Important Terms Explained:

• Indian Coast Guard (ICG):
  • Responsible for safeguarding India’s maritime borders
  • Conducts search & rescue, anti-smuggling, and environmental protection operations
• Badan Keamanan Laut Republik Indonesia (BAKAMLA) – Indonesian Coast Guard:
  • Indonesia’s maritime law enforcement agency
  • Operates under Indonesia’s President and Ministry of Defence
• Maritime Search and Rescue (SAR):
  • Operations conducted to locate and rescue people in distress at sea
  • Involves coast guards, navy, and air surveillance
• Indo-Pacific Region:
  • A geopolitical area covering the Indian and Pacific Oceans
  • Critical for global trade, security, and maritime cooperation

Tabular Summary:

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National Affairs – Daily Current Affairs January 31

11. What is the primary objective of the Subhadra Scheme launched by the Odisha Government?
A) Providing free education to women
B) Offering financial aid and promoting entrepreneurship
C) Distributing free ration to underprivileged women
D) Providing free medical treatment to rural women
E) Supporting women’s participation in politics
Answer: B) Offering financial aid and promoting entrepreneurship

Event and Location:

• Event: Odisha Government launches the Subhadra Scheme to empower women through financial aid and entrepreneurship
• Date: January 31, 2025
• Location: Odisha, India

Mandates and Objectives of the Subhadra Scheme:

• Provides ₹50,000 in financial aid over five years to empower women economically
• Encourages entrepreneurship, financial independence, and digital literacy among women
• Offers an additional ₹500 incentive to the top 100 women in each Gram Panchayat or Urban Local Body for the highest number of digital transactions annually

Eligibility Criteria for the Scheme:

• Women not receiving financial assistance of ₹1,500/month (₹18,000/year) or more from any government scheme are eligible
• Aims to support women outside existing government financial support programs

Success Stories of the Subhadra Scheme Beneficiaries:

• Monalisa Mohanty from Nuagaon used her funds to start a tailoring shop and achieve financial independence
• Nayana Subudhi is exploring investment options in farming or a variety shop in her village

IIM Sambalpur’s Collaboration with the Odisha Government:

• Signed an MoU with the Department of Women and Child Development to enhance the scheme’s impact
• Provides research-based insights, policy recommendations, and monitoring frameworks for better implementation
• Conducts impact assessments and tracking of program performance to ensure effectiveness

The Subhadra Card: A Key Initiative for Financial Inclusion:

• An ATM-cum-debit card given to beneficiaries to promote digital transactions and financial literacy
• Helps increase banking access and empower women economically

Future Plans and Strategy for the Scheme:

• IIM Sambalpur to complete an impact assessment report by March 2024
• Develops a long-term strategy to guide women toward profitable entrepreneurship
• Ensures sustained policy support and financial inclusion for beneficiaries

Important Terms Explained:

• Subhadra Scheme:
  • A flagship women empowerment initiative by the Odisha Government
  • Provides financial aid of ₹50,000 over five years to eligible women
  • Encourages entrepreneurship and financial independence
• IIM Sambalpur’s Role:
  • Conducts research, policy analysis, and strategic planning to improve the scheme’s effectiveness
  • Works on impact assessment, policy recommendations, and real-time monitoring
• Subhadra Card:
  • An ATM-cum-debit card given to beneficiaries for financial inclusion and digital transactions
  • Encourages digital literacy and economic independence

Tabular Summary:

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12. What does Article 224A of the Indian Constitution deal with?
A) Appointment of Chief Justices in High Courts
B) Retirement benefits for judges
C) Appointment of retired judges as ad hoc judges in High Courts
D) Formation of new benches in the Supreme Court
E) Transfer of judges between High Courts
Answer: C) Appointment of retired judges as ad hoc judges in High Courts

Event and Location:

• Event: Supreme Court modifies its April 2021 judgment on Article 224A, allowing more flexibility in appointing ad hoc judges
• Date: January 31, 2025
• Location: India

Mandates and Objectives of Article 224A:

• Article 224A allows the Chief Justice of a High Court, with the President’s consent, to appoint retired judges as ad hoc judges
• These judges retain the powers and privileges of a High Court judge but are not considered permanent judges
• Designed to reduce case backlogs and address judicial vacancies in High Courts

Supreme Court’s April 2021 Judgment on Article 224A:

• No strict 20% vacancy rule for appointing ad hoc judges
• 2 to 5 ad hoc judges can be appointed per High Court based on pending cases
• Division Benches of only ad hoc judges were allowed for handling old cases

Supreme Court’s October 2023 Modifications to Article 224A:

• Removed the 20% vacancy rule; now, ad hoc judges cannot exceed 10% of sanctioned strength
• Ad hoc judges must sit with a sitting High Court judge instead of forming independent benches
• Memorandum of Procedure (MoP) must be followed for transparent appointments

Significance of Article 224A and the Supreme Court’s Directions:

• Helps clear case backlogs and reduce vacancies in High Courts
• Ensures flexibility in judicial appointments while maintaining efficiency
• Brings experienced retired judges to handle complex and long-pending cases

Important Terms Explained:

• Article 224A of the Indian Constitution:
  • Empowers the Chief Justice of a High Court to appoint retired judges as ad hoc judges
  • Requires President’s consent for such appointments
  • These judges do not become permanent High Court judges
• Memorandum of Procedure (MoP):
  • A set of guidelines followed for appointing judges in High Courts and the Supreme Court
  • Ensures transparency and systematic appointment processes
• Judicial Backlog:
  • Refers to the large number of pending cases in Indian courts
  • Ad hoc judges help reduce the backlog by providing additional judicial resources

Tabular Summary:

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13. Who is responsible for preparing the Economic Survey 2025?
A) Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
B) Ministry of Finance
C) Chief Economic Adviser (CEA)
D) NITI Aayog
E) Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG)
Answer: C) Chief Economic Adviser (CEA)

Event and Location:

• Event: Economic Survey 2025 to be presented by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman in Parliament
• Date: January 31, 2025
• Location: India

Mandates and Objectives of the Economic Survey:

• The Economic Survey is a comprehensive report on India’s economic performance in the past year
• It provides policy insights, growth forecasts, and sectoral analysis
• Presented one day before the Union Budget, it serves as the foundation for future economic planning

Who Prepares the Economic Survey?

• Prepared by the Chief Economic Adviser (CEA) to the Government of India
• Dr. V. Anantha Nageswaran is the current CEA (appointed in January 2022)
• Published by the Economic Division of the Ministry of Finance

Key Components of the Economic Survey:

• GDP Growth Trends: Estimates economic expansion and contraction
• Inflation Analysis: Examines retail inflation, price stability, and policy impacts
• Fiscal Developments: Reviews government revenues, expenditures, and fiscal deficit
• Sectoral Performance: Analyses agriculture, industry, and services
• Policy Initiatives: Highlights major government policies and reforms

Expected Key Highlights of Economic Survey 2025:

• GDP Growth Forecast: Expected to be between 6.3% and 6.8% for FY 2025-26, a slight slowdown from 6.4% in FY 2024
• Inflation Trends: Retail inflation expected to decline to 5.4% in FY24 due to monetary policy measures
• Industrial Sector Performance: Growth rate at 9.5% in FY24, significantly contributing to overall GDP
• Policy Focus: Expected emphasis on deregulation, job creation, and increased female workforce participation

Significance of the Economic Survey:

• Policy Formulation: Helps the government plan economic policies for the upcoming fiscal year
• Investor Confidence: Provides data-driven insights to attract domestic and global investors
• Public Awareness: Educates citizens on India’s economic progress and challenges

Important Terms Explained:

• Economic Survey of India:
  • Annual document that provides a review of the country’s economic performance
  • Published by the Ministry of Finance, prepared by the Chief Economic Adviser
• Gross Domestic Product (GDP):
  • Total value of goods and services produced in a country within a financial year
  • Key indicator of economic growth and performance
• Retail Inflation:
  • Measures price rise at the consumer level
  • Typically calculated using the Consumer Price Index (CPI)
• Fiscal Deficit:
  • The gap between government expenditure and revenue
  • High fiscal deficit may indicate higher borrowing needs for the government

Tabular Summary:

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14. What is the primary objective of the MSME TEAM Initiative launched by MoMSME?
A) Providing direct cash subsidies to MSMEs
B) Enhancing the digital presence of MSMEs through ONDC integration
C) Offering tax exemptions for small businesses
D) Promoting offline retail expansion for MSMEs
E) Reducing interest rates on MSME loans
Answer: B) Enhancing the digital presence of MSMEs through ONDC integration

Event and Location:

• Event: MoMSME launches MSME Trade Enablement and Marketing (TEAM) Initiative to boost digital presence
• Date: January 31, 2025
• Location: India

Mandates and Objectives of the MSME TEAM Initiative:

• Enhancing digital presence of MSMEs by integrating them into the Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC)
• Budget of ₹277.35 crore allocated over three years
• Aims to onboard 5 lakh MSMEs, focusing on women-led businesses and SC/ST entrepreneurs

Key Features of the MSME TEAM Initiative:

• Facilitating MSME Integration into ONDC
  • Provides digital storefronts, integrated payments, and logistics support
  • Reduces operational barriers and enhances business credibility
• Empowering Women-Led and SC/ST Enterprises
  • Special training and support for women entrepreneurs and SC/ST business owners
• Workshops and Training Programs
  • 150+ workshops to be conducted in Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities
  • Training on catalogue creation, payment integration, and logistics management
• Financial Assistance for MSMEs
  • Support provided to Seller Network Participants for catalogue creation, operations, and account management

Role of ONDC in the Initiative:

• ONDC (Open Network for Digital Commerce) is a decentralized e-commerce network
• Provides MSMEs direct access to consumers, reducing dependence on major e-commerce giants
• Encourages fair pricing, innovation, and cost efficiency

Advantages of ONDC for MSMEs:

• Transparency & Competition: Encourages consumer choice and fair pricing
• Innovation & Cost Efficiency: Reduces digital participation costs for small businesses
• Inclusivity: Helps MSMEs expand their reach in the digital economy

Challenges Facing ONDC:

• Complexity & User Adoption: Many small businesses are unfamiliar with digital platforms
• Dispute Resolution & Customer Service: Lack of direct intermediaries makes dispute resolution difficult
• Competition from Established Platforms: ONDC must compete with existing e-commerce giants

Future Directions for ONDC and TEAM Initiative:

• Investing in digital infrastructure in Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities
• Strengthening digital literacy programs for small businesses
• Establishing a strong dispute resolution framework for user trust

Important Terms Explained:

• MSME TEAM Initiative:
  • A government-led initiative to help MSMEs establish a digital presence
  • Encourages e-commerce adoption via ONDC
• Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC):
  • A government-backed digital commerce network
  • Aims to democratize e-commerce and reduce reliance on dominant platforms
• Seller Network Participants:
  • MSMEs or small businesses registered on ONDC
  • Receive financial and operational support under the TEAM Initiative

Tabular Summary:

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15. Who captured the spectacular images of Mahakumbh 2025 from the International Space Station (ISS)?
A) Rakesh Sharma
B) Peggy Whitson
C) Don Pettit
D) Sunita Williams
E) Shubhanshu Shukla
Answer: C) Don Pettit

Event and Location:

• Event: ISS captures breathtaking images of Mahakumbh 2025 from space
• Date: January 27, 2025
• Location: International Space Station (ISS), Mahakumbh, India

Key Highlights of the Event:

• The International Space Station (ISS) captured stunning images of Mahakumbh 2025, the world’s largest religious gathering
• The images were taken by American astronaut Don Pettit and shared on social media platform ‘X’ (formerly Twitter)
• The pictures show the banks of the Ganga River glowing with lights and the massive human congregation

What is Mahakumbh 2025?

• Mahakumbh Mela is the largest religious gathering in the world
• Held every 12 years at Prayagraj (formerly Allahabad), Uttar Pradesh
• Millions of devotees take a holy dip in the Ganga River, believing it brings spiritual purification
• In 2025, over 13 crore devotees have already participated in the event

Who is Don Pettit?

• Full Name: Donald Roy Pettit
• Nationality: American
• Profession: NASA Astronaut and Chemical Engineer
• Known For: Astrophotography and innovation in space technology
• First Patented Object Made in Space: Inventor of the ‘Zero-G Cup’
• Age: 69 (as of 2025), NASA’s oldest active astronaut

Significance of ISS Capturing Mahakumbh:

• Highlights the grand scale of the event from space
• Draws global attention to India’s rich cultural and spiritual heritage
• Showcases astronomical photography’s role in documenting Earth’s major events

Important Terms Explained:

• International Space Station (ISS):
  • A joint space laboratory operated by NASA, Roscosmos, JAXA, ESA, and CSA
  • Orbits 400 km above Earth and serves as a research center for astronauts
• Mahakumbh Mela:
  • Largest spiritual festival in the world
  • Happens every 12 years in Prayagraj, Haridwar, Ujjain, and Nashik
  • Devotees take a dip in the Ganga for spiritual liberation
• Zero-G Cup:
  • First patented invention made in space
  • Created by Don Pettit to drink liquids in microgravity without spilling

Tabular Summary:

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16. What is the primary objective of the WAVES Summit launched by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting?
A) To promote India’s space missions globally
B) To position India as a global hub for content creation and the creative economy
C) To encourage investments in Indian startups
D) To boost exports of Indian agricultural products
E) To establish a new film production board in India
Answer: B) To position India as a global hub for content creation and the creative economy

Event and Location:

• Event: Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (MoI&B) launches WAVES Summit and WAVES Bazaar to boost content creation in India
• Date: January 27, 2025
• Location: National Media Centre, New Delhi, India

What is the World Audio Visual Entertainment Summit (WAVES)?

• WAVES (World Audio Visual Entertainment Summit) is a global platform to promote India’s creative economy
• Aims to position India as a global leader in content creation in film, TV, animation, gaming, music, and digital media
• Inspired by global events like the Davos Economic Forum

Key Initiatives Launched Under WAVES:

1. WAVES Bazaar – A Global e-Marketplace for Creators
   • A digital platform for content creators to showcase projects, pitch ideas, and connect with global markets
   • Supports B2B collaborations, funding, and brand partnerships in film, TV, music, gaming, and animation
2. WAVES Awards
   • Recognizing excellence in content creation across multiple categories, including:
     • Game of the Year
     • Film of the Year
     • Advertising Campaign of the Year
   • Nominations open on February 15, 2025
3. Three New ‘Create in India’ Challenges:
   • Wah Ustad: A competition for classically trained vocalists organized by Dilli Gharana and Doordarshan
   • Make The World Wear Khadi: A challenge for advertising professionals to promote Khadi as a global brand
   • Resonate: The EDM Challenge: A global contest for Electronic Dance Music (EDM) artists
4. New Challenge for Promoting India’s Cultural Heritage & Tourism
   • Encourages filmmakers to create content that showcases India’s rich heritage and tourism potential

Significance of WAVES for India’s Creative Economy:

• Strengthens India’s position in the global content economy
• Encourages digital storytelling and innovation in filmmaking, gaming, and animation
• Provides international exposure and funding opportunities for Indian creators
• Supports the ‘Create in India’ initiative, expanding India’s soft power globally

Important Terms Explained:

• WAVES (World Audio Visual Entertainment Summit):
  • A global platform to showcase India’s leadership in content creation
  • Promotes digital media, animation, gaming, and music industries
• WAVES Bazaar:
  • A digital marketplace connecting Indian creators with global investors and brands
  • Focuses on film, music, gaming, esports, and animation
• Create in India Challenges:
  • Government-backed competitions to promote Indian talent in digital and creative industries
  • Open to national and international participants
• Soft Power:
  • The ability of a country to influence global culture, business, and diplomacy through art, media, and creativity
  • WAVES strengthens India’s cultural diplomacy through content creation

Tabular Summary:

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17. Which organizations signed an MoU to strengthen the startup ecosystem in Jammu & Kashmir?
A) NITI Aayog and JKEDI
B) DPIIT and JKEDI
C) Ministry of Finance and IIT-Jammu
D) FICCI and Jammu University
E) RBI and JKEDI
Answer: B) DPIIT and JKEDI

Event and Location:

• Event: DPIIT and JKEDI sign MoU to strengthen Jammu & Kashmir’s startup ecosystem
• Date: January 28, 2025
• Location: JKEDI Baribrahamna Campus, Jammu & Kashmir

Key Highlights of the MoU:

• Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) and Jammu & Kashmir Entrepreneurship Development Institute (JKEDI) signed an MoU
• Focuses on mentorship, funding, infrastructure support, and global market access for startups
• Signed during “Jammu Kashmir Konnect”, a startup-focused event with incubators and key stakeholders

Objectives of the MoU:

1. Branding & Outreach – Strengthening Startup India’s presence in Jammu & Kashmir
2. Mentorship & Knowledge Exchange – Providing guidance, networking, and learning resources
3. Market & Funding Linkages – Connecting startups with investment networks and market expansion opportunities
4. International Expansion – Helping startups explore global markets

JK Startup Policy (March 2024) – Impact So Far:

• Over 250 new startups registered on the DPIIT portal
• Total startup count in J&K: 988
• 601 Entrepreneurship Awareness Programs (EAPs) conducted across 20 districts without additional expenses

Key Participants in the MoU Event:

• Incubators from:
  • IIT-Jammu, IIM-Jammu, Jammu University, SKUAST-Jammu, Cluster University, CIIIT Jammu (attended physically)
  • NIT-Srinagar, IUST University, SKUAST-Kashmir, CIIIT Baramulla (joined virtually)
• Industry representatives from FICCI FLO (FICCI Ladies Organisation)

Significance of the MoU for J&K’s Startup Ecosystem:

• Encourages entrepreneurship and innovation in Jammu & Kashmir
• Strengthens startup funding, mentorship, and global opportunities
• Aligns with India’s vision of becoming a developed nation by 2047

Important Terms Explained:

• DPIIT (Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade):
  • Regulatory body for startups and industries in India
  • Implements Startup India, Make in India, and industrial policies
• JKEDI (Jammu & Kashmir Entrepreneurship Development Institute):
  • State government initiative to support startups and MSMEs in J&K
  • Focuses on skill development, training, and incubation support
• Startup India:
  • Flagship initiative of the Indian government to promote startups
  • Provides funding, tax exemptions, and regulatory support
• JK Startup Policy (2024):
  • Launched to promote startups in J&K
  • Aims to increase startup registrations and provide financial support

Tabular Summary:

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18. Which two organizations signed an umbrella MoU to drive maritime innovation in India?
A) Ministry of Defence and ISRO
B) Indian Navy and HAL
C) Directorate General of Shipping (DGS) and Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC)
D) Ministry of Civil Aviation and DRDO
E) National Institute of Oceanography and IIT Madras
Answer: C) Directorate General of Shipping (DGS) and Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC)

Event and Location:

• Event: DGS and C-DAC sign MoU to drive maritime innovation in India
• Date: January 25, 2025
• Location: Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY), India

Key Highlights of the MoU:

• Directorate General of Shipping (DGS) and Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) signed an umbrella Memorandum of Understanding (MoU)
• The MoU aims to modernize India’s maritime sector using advanced technologies
• Signed by:
  • Shyam Jagannathan (Director General of Shipping, DGS)
  • E. Magesh (Director General, C-DAC)
• Key officials from MeitY were present, including S. Krishnan (Secretary, MeitY)

Focus Areas of the MoU:

1. Digitalization & Automation of Maritime Processes – Enabling paperless and efficient maritime operations
2. Maritime Data Analytics & Predictive Modeling – Utilizing AI and big data to enhance decision-making
3. Cybersecurity & Maritime IoT – Strengthening security against cyber threats in maritime operations
4. Maritime Education & Training – Developing advanced training modules for maritime professionals
5. Research & Development (R&D) in Maritime Technologies – Encouraging new innovations in ship design, navigation, and sustainability

Significance of the MoU:

• Aligns with DGS’s vision to be a globally recognized maritime administration
• Integrates C-DAC’s expertise in high-performance computing, Blockchain, cybersecurity, and e-Governance
• Supports sustainable growth in India’s shipping and maritime sector
• Boosts India’s competitiveness in global maritime trade

Important Terms Explained:

• Directorate General of Shipping (DGS):
  • Regulatory authority for India’s shipping industry
  • Oversees maritime safety, ship registration, and seafarer training
• Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC):
  • Premier R&D organization under MeitY
  • Specializes in high-performance computing, AI, cybersecurity, and Blockchain
• Maritime IoT (Internet of Things):
  • Using smart sensors, AI, and real-time tracking to enhance ship navigation, fuel efficiency, and port management
• Predictive Modeling in Shipping:
  • AI-powered forecasting models to optimize cargo movement, weather patterns, and fuel consumption

Tabular Summary:

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Over All Review

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